The Battle of Novara (also known as the battle of Ariotta[5]) was a battle of the War of the League of Cambrai fought on 6 June 1513, near Novara, in Northern Italy. A French attacking force was routed by allied Milanese–Swiss troops. As a consequence, France was forced to withdraw entirely from Italy.
| Battle of Novara | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War of the League of Cambrai | |||||||||
 Illustration of the Battle of Novara in the chronicle of Johannes Stumpf, 1548 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Kingdom of France |
Duchy of Milan Old Swiss Confederacy | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Louis de la Trémoille | Maximilian Sforza | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
1,200–1,400 cavalry[2] 600 Light horse[2] 20,000 infantry (6,000 Landsknechte)[3] | 11,000[2]–20,000[4] Swiss pikemen | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 5,000+ casualties | 1,500 dead | ||||||||
Prelude
editThe French had been victorious at the Battle of Ravenna the previous year. Nevertheless, the French under King Louis XII were driven out of the city of Milan the following month by the Holy League.
Following the French removal from Milan, Swiss mercenaries installed Maximilian Sforza as Duke of Milan on 29 December 1512.[2]
In June 1513, the French army, consisting of more than 20,000 under Louis de la Trémoille, besieged the city of Novara, which was held by Swiss mercenaries.
Battle
editBy June 1513, most of the western part of the duchy of Milan had been occupied by the French.[2] After marching to Novara the night before, the French were surprised at dawn by a Swiss relief army of some 12,000 troops.[6] The German Landsknechte, pike-armed like the Swiss, were able to form up into heavy squares and offered stiff resistance to the Swiss attack,[7] while the French were able to deploy some of their artillery.[7] Despite this, the Swiss onslaught, sweeping in from multiple directions due to forced marches that achieved encirclement of the French camp, took the French guns,[8] pushed back the Landsknecht infantry regiments, and destroyed the Landsknecht squares. Caught off guard, the French heavy cavalry was unable to properly deploy, fled the field, and left the baggage train to the Swiss.[7]
Aftermath
editThe battle was particularly bloody, with at least 5,000 casualties on the French side, and 1,500 for the Swiss pikemen, mostly suffered from the French artillery as the Swiss forces moved into the attack.[9][a] Additionally, after the battle, the Swiss executed the hundreds of German Landsknecht mercenaries they had captured who had fought for the French.[9] Having routed the French army, the Swiss were unable to launch a close pursuit because of their lack of cavalry,[11] several contingents of Swiss mercenaries did follow the French withdrawal to Dijon before the French paid them off to leave France. The Swiss captured 22 French guns.[9]
The French defeat forced Louis XII to withdraw from Milan and Italy.[12]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Delbrück 1990, p. 78.
- ^ a b c d e Mallett & Shaw 2012, p. 121.
- ^ Mallett & Shaw 2012, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Nolan 2006, p. 641.
- ^ Gagné 2021, p. x.
- ^ Mallett & Shaw 2012, p. 121-122.
- ^ a b c Mallett & Shaw 2012, p. 122.
- ^ Taylor 1921, p. 121.
- ^ a b c Tucker 2010, p. 481.
- ^ O'Connell 1989, p. 114.
- ^ Taylor 1921, p. 123.
- ^ Tucker 2010, p. 482.
Bibliography
edit- Delbrück, Hans (1990). The Dawn of Modern Warfare. University of Nebraska Press. p. 78. ISBN 0803265867.
- Gagné, John (2021). Milan Undone: Contested Sovereignties in the Italian Wars. Harvard University Press.
- Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars, 1494–1559. Pearson Education Limited.
- Nolan, Cathal J., ed. (2006). "Battle of Novara". The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press.
- O'Connell, Robert L. (1989). Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression. Oxford University Press.
- Taylor, Frederick Lewis (1921). The Art of War in Italy 1494–1529. Cambridge University Press.
- Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.
External links
edit
- (in Italian) Complete list of captains present in the battle