Battle of Decatur

Battle of Decatur
	Part of the American Civil War
Date	October 26–29, 1864
Location	Decatur, Alabama34°36′50″N 86°59′10″W / 34.614°N 86.986°W
Result	Union victory
Belligerents
United States (Union)	Confederate States
Commanders and leaders
Robert S. Granger	John B. Hood
Strength
3,000–5,000	39,000
Casualties and losses
155 (19 KIA, 114 WIA, 22 MIA/POW)	450 (54 KIA, 210 WIA, 125 Captured)
	Decatur class=notpageimage\| Location within Alabama

The Battle of Decatur was a demonstration conducted from October 26 to October 29, 1864, as part of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign of the American Civil War. Union forces of 3–5,000 men under Brigadier-General Robert S. Granger prevented the 39,000 men of the Confederate Army of Tennessee under General John B. Hood from crossing the Tennessee River at Decatur, Alabama.

Background

General John B. Hood was marching through northern Alabama on his way to an invasion of Union-held Tennessee. His army had departed northwest from the vicinity of Atlanta, Georgia, in late September 1864, hoping their destruction of Union supply lines would lure Major-General William T. Sherman's Union army into battle.^[4] Sherman pursued Hood as far as Gaylesville, Alabama, but decided to return his army to Atlanta and instead conduct a March to the Sea through Georgia. He gave responsibility for the defense of Tennessee to Thomas at Nashville.^[5]

Hood departed from Gadsden, Alabama, on October 22, en route to Guntersville, Alabama, where he planned to cross the Tennessee River. However, he later learned from cavalry Brigadier-General Phillip Roddey that crossing place was strongly guarded, while Decatur, forty miles west, was said to be "lightly guarded". Concerned over the possibility of Federal gunboats destroying any pontoon bridge he might deploy, along with the absence of Forrest's horsemen to bring him intelligence, Hood changed his course to Decatur.^[6]

Battle

Map of Decatur Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program.

When Hood arrived at Decatur on October 26, he found a Federal infantry force of 3,000 to 5,000 men defending an entrenched line that included two forts and 1,600 yards of rifle pits; a much heavier force than Roddey had believed. Two Federal gunboats patrolled the river.^[7] General George Thomas, in Nashville, sent supplies and reinforcements to Decatur along with orders to "defend Decatur to the last extremity."^[8] On October 27, Hood arranged his army as it arrived to encircle Decatur.^[7] Meanwhile, the Union continued to pour reinforcements into Decatur which arrived just in time to fill gaps in the wavering Union lines.^[8] The next morning, he sent Confederate skirmishers through a dense fog to a ravine within 800 yards of the main fortifications. At about noon, a Federal regiment drove the skirmishers out of the ravine, capturing 125 men. "With the soldiers hungry and supplies scarce", Hood knew he could not afford the casualties from a full-scale assault and decided to cross the Tennessee River elsewhere. He marched further the west and crossed near Tuscumbia, Alabama, where Muscle Shoals prevented interference by the Federal gunboats.^[7]

Footnotes

^ Sword cites 3,000; Kennedy cites 5,000.

Citations

^ Kennedy (1998), p. 392; Sword (1993), p. 64.
^ Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 769.
^ Kennedy (1998), p. 392.
^ NPS Decatur.
^ Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 770.
^ Hood (2013), pp. 92–93; Kennedy (1998), p. 392; Sword (1993), p. 64.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hood (2013), pp. 92–93; Jacobson & Rupp (2007), p. 43; Sword (1993), pp. 64–65.
^ ^a ^b Thrasher (2021), p. 101.

References

Eicher, David J.; McPherson, James M.; McPherson, James Alan (2001). The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War (PDF) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 990. ISBN 978-0-7432-1846-7. LCCN 2001034153. OCLC 231931020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
Hood, Stephen M. (2013). John Bell Hood: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Confederate General. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-61121-140-5. OCLC 818954790.
Jacobson, Eric A.; Rupp, Richard A. (2007). For Cause & for Country: A Study of the Affair at Spring Hill & the Battle of Franklin. Franklin, TN: O'More Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9717444-4-8. OCLC 428436180.
Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (Kindle) (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-74012-6. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
Sword, Wiley (1993). The Confederacy's Last Hurrah: Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700606504. OCLC 1285470936.
Thrasher, C.D. (2021). Suffering in the Army of Tennessee: A Social History of the Confederate Army of the Heartland from the Battles for Atlanta to the Retreat from Nashville. Voices of the Civil War series. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-62190-641-4. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields – State of Alabama
"Battle of Decatur", Encyclopedia of Alabama.
"Decatur". nps.gov. U.S. National Park Service. January 19, 2004. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.