Battle of Bov

The Battle of Bov (German: Schlacht von Bau, Danish: Slaget ved Bov) was a battle between troops fighting for Schleswig-Holstein, and those for Denmark, which happened on the 9 April 1848 near the town of Flensborg in Denmark, during the First Schleswig War. The Danes won the engagement. It was the first battle of the First Schleswig War.

Battle of Bov
Part of the First Schleswig War
Battle of Bov by Georg Bleibtreu
Date 9 April 1848 Location Near Flensborg, Schleswig Result Danish victory
Belligerents
Duchy of Schleswig	Denmark
Commanders and leaders
Prince of Noer Gen. Krohn	Hans Hedemann
Strength
7,000 Freikorps	15,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
1,096 killed, wounded or captured	103 killed or wounded

Background

In 1848, the First Schleswig War began. Schleswig-Holstein was trying to separate from Denmark, and Denmark considered it a part of the country. The Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire and the German Confederation, sent troops to support Schleswig-Holstein in its attempt to secede from Denmark, and become a part of the German Confederation. Wishing to defeat Denmark before the German, Austrian, and Prussian troops arrived, 7,000 Schleswig-Holsteinian soldiers under General Krohn occupied Flensborg on March 31, 1848.

Prelude

Map of the battle

Danish troops landed on the Holdnaes peninsula east of Flensborg and, worried that he would be surrounded, Gen. Krohn asked for permission to withdraw his soldiers from the settlement. His request was approved, and he planned to fall back during April 9. Danish commanders had decided their attack would start before Krohn withdrew. They decided that the left flank of the Danish army would launch a diversionary attack, whilst the right wing and cavalry would encircle the enemy. Their attack would be supported by a naval squadron in Flensborg Fjord. The Schleswig-Holsteinians were arranged according to the plan that they were going to withdraw, and were not prepared to put up a coordinated resistance.

Battle

On the morning of April 9, the Danish forces advanced. The avantgarde under von Magius with 3rd Hunter Corps and 12th Battalion, supported by 4 guns, attacked from the northeast the Schleswig-Holsteinian main position at Bov. From the east, the 1st Hunter Corps and a couple of companies of the 5th and 9th Battalions carried out an attack on the Schleswig-Holsteinian position in the forest around Kobbermøllen. It was defended by a hunting corps and the Kiel students under the command of Major Michelsen.

Bov eventually fell to the Danish avantgarde, and the Schleswig-Holsteinians withdrew, first to Nyhus and then to Harrislev, where they had barricaded the entrances to the town and arranged the houses for defense. Around 12 p.m, The 1st and 11th Battalion attacked from the north and west and the 2nd Battalion from the south, while two guns supported the attack. The Schleswig-Holsteinians were forced back to Flensburg, where they occupied a new position in the woods north of the town, in some brickworks and houses on the northern outskirts. After repeated attacks by the 2nd Battalion, the Schleswig-Holsteinians were forced to surrender or flee south. While this was going on, Major Michelsen's forces were still standing at Kobbermøllen, not knowing that their main force had to withdraw from Bov. Around 12 p.m he was finally informed that Nyhus had been abandoned, and his strength was thus in danger of being cut off. He ordered a retreat, but his position was shelled by Danish warships from Flensburg Fjord, and he was mortally wounded.

Some of the Schleswig-Holsteinians took a position on Møllebakkerne north of the town, while others managed to reach back to the outskirts of Flensburg. Here they managed to repel some attacks by the 2nd Battalion. Only when the Danish 4th Battalion came from the west, they were forced out. Shortly afterwards, the Schleswig-Holsteinian forces on Møllebakkerne also surrendered. Michelsen himself fell badly wounded in Danish captivity and died shortly after. Fortunately for the Schleswig-Holsteinians, the Danish commander-in-chief Hedemann could not prevent their withdrawal. Still, the Danish victory was secured. Around 14:30 p.m the fighting was over, and the Schleswig-Holsteinians fled south.

Aftermath

Memorial Site in Flensburg

The Danish army followed and took up the position at Dannevirke. Hedemann's planned encirclement of Krohn's army succeeded only in part, so that the Schleswig-Holsteinian main force could escape back to Rendsburg; its losses were 16% of its total strength; the Danish losses were 0.8%. The victory at Bov was greeted with cheers in Denmark and gave rise to great optimism regarding the Danish chances of victory in the impending war.

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