Burquq Castle, also known as the Yunis al-Nuruzi Caravansari or simply Khan Yunis, was a Mamluk-era fortified caravanserai and mosque, and the eponymous historical monument of Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip. It is one of the most important Mamluk fortifications in the region of Palestine. The castle is 20 kilometers from the border between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, along the historical road from Cairo to Damascus known as the Via Maris.[1] The Palestinian city of Khan Yunis is named after the site.[1] The castle was damaged during the Israel–Hamas war.[2]
| Barquq Castle | |
|---|---|
قلعة برقوق | |
 The castle in 2020 | |
 | |
| Alternative names | Caravanserai of Yūnus al-Dawādār, or simply Khan Yunis |
| General information | |
| Type | Caravanserai, Castle |
| Architectural style | Mamluk |
| Location | Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip |
| Coordinates | 31°20′35″N 34°18′12″E / 31.34306°N 34.30333°E |
| Completed | 1387 |
| Destroyed | 2024 |
History of the castle
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The castle was built in 1387 by Yunus ibn Abdallah an-Nuruzi ad-Dawadar (Arabic: يونس التوروزي الداودار), a high-ranking official ("dawadar") of the Mamluk sultan Barquq. The name of the surrounding town, Khan Yunus, is understood to be a reference to this official, although others have claimed that it is refers to the prophet Jonah (Yunis in Arabic).[1]
It was built as a caravanserai ("khan") to serve as a center in the middle of the road between Damascus and Cairo, the two largest cities in the Mamluk Sultanate, to protect merchant caravans, pilgrims and travellers.[3] The khan also served as resting stop for couriers of the barid, the Mamluk postal network in Palestine and Syria.[4]
During the 17th and 18th centuries the Ottomans assigned an Asappes garrison associated with the Cairo Citadel to guard the fortress.[5]
It was visited in 1863 by French explorer Victor Guérin, who described it as follows:[1]
...apart from the western facade and some parts of the perimeter wall, this castle is now very degraded and completely falls into ruin. It formed a large square, flanked, at its four angles, by a round half-turn. A mosque, still quite well preserved, bears the name of Jamia Sultan Barquq; it is decorated inside, and in particular the pulpit to preach or member, placed near the mihrab, with quite beautiful pieces of gray-white marble, coming, according to all appearances, from old buildings. The other materials that were used to build this mosque as well as the rest of the castle must also be partly antique; but they have been diminished. The inside of the fortress is currently occupied by very dilapidated private dwellings. It was once preceded by another larger enclosure, also flanked by towers, which is three-quarters demolished.
Gottlieb Schumacher visited it in 1886:[6]
…the fine minaret and mosque, together with the ancient Khân building erected by Sultân Barkûk, built in the Arabic style of architecture, of sandstone and marble, with fair architectural details. The whole building has a length of 237 feet, and a width of 38 feet at the gate, and was flanked on each of its four corners by a round tower; a large wing added to the southern end is fallen. The "Khân" had two stories, the lower being the Khân itself, the upper evidently rooms for guests with the Jâma'. The main entrance facing west is spanned by a pointed arch, and in its bay a second gate with a segmental arch was constructed. The entrance is ornamented with lion figures, Kor'an citations and arabesques, above which on each side of the gate the name of “Sultan Barkûk” and a dedication to him is engraved. The entablature of the second story ended in a sort of ridge flower. To the right of the entrance a stairway leads to the Minaret, an octagon with an upper panel of later date, and to the left some passage must have led to the beautiful cupola spanned over the Jâma'… The cupola has a height of 24 feet, and is spanned over a room of 17 feet square; its layers run in concentrical rows, the stones being exactly worked; just the eastern half of this fine cupola is fallen. In the eastern wall a neat little pulpit of pure white marble and moresque work, with marble stairs leading up to it, is yet preserved.
Dimitri Baramki wrote a study on the building entitled "Report on Khan Yunus" in the 1930s, which was held in the archive of the Palestine Archaeological Museum (today the Rockefeller Archeological Museum).[7]
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 Video showing some of the damage to Barquq Castle in 2024 | |
 "Palestinian mourns history as Israel destroys archaeological sites in Gaza", from Xinhua |
By the mid 20th century, much of the building was in ruins, but the front façade, gateway and mosque with its minaret were still standing.[8]
Impact of the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
editDuring the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, hundreds of historic sites were damaged or destroyed.[9] The ongoing nature of the conflict makes it difficult to visit sites and evaluate damage and in January 2024 the status of the site was unknown;[10] the following month +972 Magazine reported that Barquq Castle had been damaged when the area was attacked.[11] The historic centre of Khan Younis was more severely targeted than in previous conflicts, and as a result significant damage was caused to historic sites including Barquq Castle.[12] UNESCO is evaluating the impact of the conflict on cultural heritage sites using remote analysis; they included Barquq amongst 64 sites with verified damage as of 22 July 2024.[13]
Area
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The castle was initially square, with sides measuring about 80 metres (260 ft) and covering an area of 6,400 square metres (69,000 sq ft). Each corner had a round tower. The main entrance was in the north-west facing facade.[14]
The castle consists of two floors and a mosque for prayer.[15]
Gallery
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The entrance on the south-east façade with an inscription above -
The south-east façade viewed from the south -
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Survey of Palestine map, 1940, showing "Harat el Qala" ("Castle Quarter")
_in_Khan_Yunis_1-2,500_,1940_(cropped).jpg)
Inscriptions
edit| Location | Images | Summary | Arabic | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left and right side of the gateway, with blazons above | 
|
Name of the Sultan during whose reign the Khan was built. | بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ذلك فضل الله يؤتيه من يشاء والله ذو الفضل العظيم أنشأ هذا الخان في أيام سيدنا ومولانا السلطان الملك الظاهر سيف الدنيا والدين ابي سعيد برقوق خلد الله سلطانه وشد بالصالحات أركانه .أوقفه المقر الشريف العالي المولوي الاميري الزعيمي السفيري الشرفي ظهير الملوك والسلاطين والفقراء والمساكين أمير المؤمنين التقي يونس النوروزي الدوادار مولانا السلطان الملك الظاهري أعز الله تعالى أنصاره وضاعف جزاءه[16] |
In the name of the most merciful God. This is the free grace of God, he bestoweth it on whom he pleaseth and God is endued with great beneficence. This public caravanserai was founded in the days of our lord, And master the sultan al-Malik az-Zahir Saif ad-Dunya wa’d-Din Abi Sa’id Barquq, may God make his sultanate eternal and keep him firmly established in good works, And was made a waqf by his noble and high excellency our lord, the Amir, the chieftain, the envoy, Sharaf ad-Din, protector of kings and sultans, known for his love for the poor, The pious Amir Yunis an-Nawruzi, the Dawadar of our lord the sultan al-Malik az-Zahir, may God the exalted make his victories glorious and multiply his reward”[16]Blazons: upper field “Barquq”, middle field, “Azza li-Mawlana As-Sultan Al-Malik Az-Zahir”, lower field “Azza-Nasruh”.[16] |
| Top of the gateway in the tympanum | 
|
Fifth line gives the date of construction | أقول والحق له نورق يقوم في النفس مقام الدليل أن له العرش سبحانه قد عضد الملك بأكفى كفيل فالملك الظاهر بحر الندى أبي سعيد ذي العطاء الجزيل فأصبحت مصر به جنه وأهلها في لهو ظل ظليل والهم الله داواداره يونس للخير وفضل جميل أنفق من ملجأه من ماله خانة الله بخان السبيل يبغي به الأجر وحسن الثناء عليه طول الدهر في كل جيل لا أمر الله بها دولة ولا حامية من بركات الجليل .وتم الخان لتسع مضت بعد ثمانين بعون الجليل وسبع مئين لذا أرخوا وحسبنا اله ونعم الوكيل.[16] |
I chant the truth which has splendour and stands s a proof to the soul . That he, praise be to him, the possessor of the throne, has supported kingship a most capable protector. Al-Malik az-Zahir Abu Sa’id, the generous sea, possessor of plentiful bounty. Thus, Egypt has become, through him, a paradise, while its people enjoy their umbrageous shade. Allah has guided the Dawadar Yunis to good deeds. Though this guidance he offered his wealth to establish a caravanserai (Khan) in as-Sabil. All he aimed for was a reward from God and to be praised all the time by generations. May Allah offer him the blessings. With the help of the Almighty he completed this Khan in the year 789 A.H./A.D. 1387 as dated. God will suffice us as he is the most trustworthy.[16] |
| Left side, on entering the gateway, above and between the doorways of the mosque. | 
|
Surah At-Tawbah 17–18. Also names the builder of the Khan. | بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم انما يعمر مساجد الله من اَمن بالله واليوم الاخر وأقام الصلاة واَتى الزكاة ولم يخشى إلا الله فعسى أولئك أن يكونوا من المهتدين انشأه ووقفه الشريف العالي المولوي الأميري الزعيمي السفيري الشرفي يونس الداوادار مولانا السلطن الملك الظاهري شكر الله عمله وأبلغه مأمله[16] |
In the name of Allah, the most gracious, most merciful; The Mosques of God shall establish regular prayers, and practice regular charity, and fear none except God. It is they who are expected to be truly guided[16] |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Guérin, 1869, p.226-227: "Il doit son nom de Khan Younès,, à un château ou khan fortifié, construit, dit-on, sous le sultan Barkouk, par un émir appelé Younès, l'an 790 de l'hégire. D'autres prétendent qu'il faut voir dans ce nom celui du prophète Jonas, que les Arabes appellent Neby Younes. Dans tous les cas, à part la façade occidentale et quelques parties du mur d'enceinte, ce château est aujourd'hui très-dégradé et tombe complétement en ruine. Il formait un grand carré, flanqué, à ses quatre angles, d'une demi-tour ronde. Une mosquée, encore assez bien conservée, y porte le nom de Djama' Soulthan Barkouk; elle est décorée à l'intérieur, et notamment la chaire à prêcher ou member, placée près du mihrab, d'assez beaux morceaux de marbre gris-blanc, provenant, selon toute apparence, d'anciens édifices. Les autres matériaux qui ont servi à bâtir cette mosquée ainsi que tout le reste du château doivent être également en partie antiques; mais ils ont été retaillés. Le dedans de la forteresse est actuellement envahi par des habitations particulières très-délabrées. Elle était autrefois précédée d'une autre enceinte plus vaste, flanquée également de tours, qui est aux trois quarts démolie."
- ^ xinhua (2024-04-24). "Palestinians mourn as Israel destroys Gaza archaeological sites". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
- ^ Sharon, 1999, p. 228
- ^ Pitcher, p. 105.
- ^ Hathaway, 2002, p. 38
- ^ Schumacher 1886.
- ^ Abu Khalaf 1983, p. 180, 182.
- ^ Abu Khalaf 1983, p. 182 Nowadays the Khan is almost demolished, but the front part, which consists of the façade including the gateway and the Mosque with its minaret still stands.
- ^ Ahmed, Kaamil (2024-04-28). "'Everything beautiful has been destroyed': Palestinians mourn a city in tatters". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
A recent report by the Palestinian culture ministry into Israeli damage to Palestinian heritage said Israel's bombardment of Gaza had destroyed 207 buildings of cultural or historical significance, including 144 in the old city and 25 religious sites.
- ^ Saber, Indlieb Farazi (14 January 2024), "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?", Al Jazeera, retrieved 7 October 2024
- ^ Mahdi, Ibtisam (17 February 2024), "The obliteration of Gaza's multi-civilizational treasures", +972 Magazine, retrieved 7 October 2024
- ^ Taha 2024, p. 55.
- ^ "Gaza Strip: Damage assessment". UNESCO. 2024-08-23. Archived from the original on 2024-08-28. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- ^ Abu Khalaf 1983, p. 182.
- ^ Al-Barsh 2023, p. 22.
- ^ a b c d e f g Abu Khalaf 1983, p. 184-186.
Bibliography
edit- Abu Khalaf, Marwan F. (1983). "Khan Yunus and the Khans of Palestine". Levant. 15 (1): 178–186. doi:10.1179/lev.1983.15.1.178. ISSN 0075-8914.
- Al-Barsh, Ahmed (2023-11-07), Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip - Palestine (PDF), Heritage for Peace and the Arab Network of Civil Society Organizations to Safeguard Cultural Heritage
- Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hathaway, Jane (2002). The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaglis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521892945.
- Schumacher, Gottlieb (1886). "Researches in Southern Palestine". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 18 (4): 181–182. doi:10.1179/peq.1886.18.4.171. ISSN 0031-0328.
- Sharon, M. (1999). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B-C. Vol. 2. BRILL. ISBN 9004110836.
- Taha, Hamdan (2024). "Destruction of cultural heritage in Gaza". Jerusalem Quarterly. 97: 45–70.
External links
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- "Archnet > Site > Khan Yunus ibn 'Abdullah al-Dawadar". Archnet. 2021-10-12. Retrieved 2024-10-20.