Barbara Ann Wilcox (April 1, 1912 – September 9, 1962), born Edward Price Richards and known for a time as Barbara Ann Richards, was an American transgender woman who is known for her successful 1941 petition to change her legal name to her chosen name, which attracted widespread media attention as one of the earliest cases on the legal status of transgender people.
Barbara Ann Wilcox | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Richards and her partner in Los Angeles in 1941 | |
| Born | Edward Price Richards April 1, 1912 Salem, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | September 9, 1962 (aged 50) Martinez, California, U.S. |
| Other names | Barbara Ann Richards |
| Known for | Successfully changing her legal name to her chosen name |
| Spouse | Richard Wilcox |
Early life and education
editRichards was born on April 1, 1912, to an affluent family in Salem, Massachusetts.[1] When she was five, she was hospitalized for several months with spinal meningitis, which physically weakened her.[1] Throughout her early childhood, she felt constrained by masculine expectations from her father and schoolmates.[1] After her parents separated when she was 13, she moved with her mother to Los Angeles, where she started to enjoy school more.[1]
She enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont, California, in 1931, but dropped out after one year.[1] She tried out several occupations before settling on interior design.[1]
Transition and legal case
editIn 1940, Richards met Richard Wilcox, a transgender man, at a party, and asked him to marry her later that same day; he accepted.[1][2] In October, she went to register for the Selective Service System, but was classified as unfit for military service and denied.[1][3][4]
In 1941, she filed a legal petition with the Los Angeles County Superior Court to change her name to Barbara, effectively recognizing her as female.[1][5] She minimized the fact that she was going through feminizing hormone therapy, instead portraying her transition as a mysterious natural occurrence.[1][6][7] Her case generated widespread interest from national media outlets, which viewed it largely as a peculiar curiosity and emphasized its shock value.[1]
When Richards's marriage to Wilcox became public during her case, she told reporters she would have it annulled,[8][9] which she did after she won.[1]
Later life, death, and legacy
editFor the rest of her life, Richards adopted a quieter profile.[1] She stayed together with Wilcox and their cat, and sometime before 1949, she married him again under their changed gender roles, taking his last name.[1] In 1948, the couple purchased land in Martinez, California, and moved there to co-own a plant nursery.[1] She received numerous letters from others who identified with her experience.[1] In 1956, she underwent gender affirming surgery.[1] She died on September 9, 1962.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Waters, Michael (March 20, 2022). "In the 1940s, a Trans Pioneer Fought California for Legal Recognition. This Is How She Won". Slate Magazine. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "Sex Change Victim Wed: Angeleno Undergoing Metamorphosis Admits Ceremony in Arizona". Los Angeles Times. July 4, 1941. p. A2. ProQuest 165203901.
- ^ "Enrolled for Draft as Man, 'He's' Now Woman". The San Francisco Examiner. International News Service. July 3, 1941. p. 3. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "Caprice of Nature Changes Draft Registrant Into Woman, Physicians Inform Court". Salt Lake Telegram. United Press International. July 3, 1941. p. 3. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ "Sex Changes; Goes to Court for New Name". The South Bend Tribune. Associated Press. July 3, 1941. p. 1. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "Man Becomes Girl In Strange Metamorphosis Laid to Illness". The News Journal. Associated Press. July 3, 1941. p. 9. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ Meyerowitz, Joanne J. (2002). How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 39–41. ISBN 978-0-674-01379-7.
- ^ "Wife Loyal to Mate Though 'He's' a 'She'". Daily News. Associated Press. July 4, 1941. p. 292. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "Name of Man Changed After Prank by Nature". Los Angeles Times. October 10, 1941. p. 52. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "Barbara A Wilcox in the California, U.S., Death Index, 1940-1997". Social Security Administration. Retrieved April 7, 2022 – via Ancestry.com.