The Banū Aws (Arabic: بنو أوس pronounced [ˈbanuː ʔaws], "Sons of Aws") or simply Aws (Arabic: أوس, also romanised as Aus) was one of the main Arab tribes of Medina. The other was Khazraj, and the two, constituted the Ansar ("Helpers of Muhammad”) after the Hijra.[1][2][3]
| Banu Aws (Arabic: بنو أوس) | |
|---|---|
| Banu Zahran of the Banu Azd | |
| Nisba | Awsi |
| Location | Medina, Hejaz |
| Descended from | Zahran tribe |
The Aws tribe descend from the ancient tribe al-Azd, a branch of the Qahtanite Arabs[4] Aws and Khazraj were known as Banū Qayla (بنو قيلة [ˈbænuː ˈqɑjlæ]) in pre-Islamic era.[1]
Etymology
editThe word al-Aws means "the gift", probably a contraction for Aws Manāt (Arabic: أوس مناة, "the gift of Manāt"). The name was changed in Islamic times to Aws Allāh (Arabic: أوس الله).[1]
Early history
editAbout AD 300,[5] Thaʻlaba bin ʻAmr, grand father of al-Aws, separated from his tribe and settled in Yathrib (Medina),[6] which was then controlled by Jewish clans, and the Banu Qayla were subordinate to the Jews for some time, until Mālik bin Ajlān of Khazraj asserts independence of the Jews so Aws and Khazraj obtained a share of palm trees and strongholds.[1] Thus, about the 5th century, the Banu Qayla took control of Yathrib,[7] and Jews retired into the background for about a century.[3]
During the period before the Hijra, Abu Qays al-Aslat of the clan of Wāʼil, the leader of Aws, gave away the leadership to Ḥuḍayr bin Simāk of ʻAbd al-Ashhal. After a serious defeat, ʻAbd al-Ashhal and Ẓafar were withdrawn from Yathrib. The opposing leader, ʻAmr bin Nuʻmān, of the Khazrajite clan of Bayāḍa, drove the Jewish tribes of Banu Qurayza and Banu Nadir into alliance of the two.[1] Nomads of Muzayna joined them too. Most of the Khazraj except ʻAbd Allāh bin Ubayy and another Khazraj leader,[8] as well as the Jewish tribe Banū Qaynuqāʻ[3] and the nomadic Juhayna and Ashjaʻ, supported ‘Amr bin Nu‘mān. The Awsite clan of Ḥāritha remained neutral. Then, in about 617, the Yawm al-Bu'ath began: the Aws forced back at first but finally defeated their opponents. The leaders of both sides were killed.[8]
Shi'a sources say they were Jews,[9] But a Jewish source says that they and the Banu Khazraj were Arab tribes from Yemen who came to Medina in the fourth century. The Jewish source says that the two tribes took the power of Medina from the Jews in the 5th century by "calling in outside assistance and treacherously massacring at a banquet".[3]
A Shi'a source says that they had been fighting for 120 years and were enemies.[9] The Jewish source states that they went to war against each other in the Battle of Bu'ath a few years before the Islamic prophet Muhammad migrated to Medina.[3]
There were many Jewish tribes in Medina: Banu Nadir, Banu Qurayza, Banu Qaynuqa and 9 others, if not more, as referenced in the Medina mutual peace and security treaty (although Qaynuqa, Nadir, and Qurayza aren't named in the treaty). Some where familial clans of larger non-Jewish Arab tribes (e.g. Banu Aws, whom took initiative to invite and provide refuge to Mohammad and his first followers thus earning 'Al-Ansar' title) while some others had non-Jewish familial clans within their tribes, and others were purely Jewish.
In the battle of Yawm al-Bu'ath, the tribes of Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza fought with Banu Aws, while the tribe of Banu Qaynuqa allied with Banu Khazraj. The latter were defeated after a long and desperate battle.[3]
Hijrah
editThe Banu Aws were included in the Constitution of Medina as allies to the Muslims, "one nation/community with the Believers".[9][10] Then, Banu Aws and others became known as the Ansar.[citation needed]
Banu Qurayza
editThe Banu Qurayza were a Jewish tribe who lived in Medina. The tribe's men, apart from a few who converted to Islam, were sentenced to death in 627 in retaliation for Banu Qurayza treachery and subversion in aiding the Meccan pagan enemies who had launched a ferocious attack on Madinah, in order to eliminate the Muslims and their allies during the Battle of the Trench.
Since the Banu Qurayza had been an ally of the Banu Aus during the Battle of Bu'ath, they choose Sa'ad ibn Mua'dh, the chief of the Banu Aus[11] as their judge. He condemned the men to death and the women and children to slavery.[3] Sa'ad ibn Mua'dh himself died shortly after the event from injuries that he had received during the Battle of the Trench.
People
edit- Sa'ad ibn Mua'dh - head[11]
- Bashir ibn Sa'ad leader[12]
- Usaid bin Hudair bin Sammak[13]
- Sa‘d bin Khaithamah bin Al-Harith[13]
- Rifa‘a bin ‘Abdul Mundhir bin Zubair[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Watt 1986, p. 771.
- ^ Gottheil & Hirschfeld
- ^ a b c d e f g Jacobs & Montgomery
- ^ Peters, Francis E. (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791418758.
- ^ Muir 1858, p. ccxxx.
- ^ Al Mubarakpuri 2002, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Muir 1858, p. ccxxxi.
- ^ a b Bosworth 1986, p. 1283.
- ^ a b c The Message Archived May 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Medina Charter - Wikisource". en.wikisource.org. Archived from the original on 2006-06-27.
- ^ a b "Relations with the JewsLevel2P1". Archived from the original on 2014-06-28. Retrieved 2006-06-28.
- ^ Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet Al-islam.org [1]
- ^ a b c The Sealed Nectar The Second ‘Aqabah Pledge Archived 2006-11-28 at the Wayback Machine on SunniPath.
Sources
edit- Al Mubarakpuri, Safi ur Rahman (2002). "Arab Tribes". The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet. Darussalam. ISBN 9960-899-55-1. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1986). "BUʿĀTH". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1283. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.
- Jacobs, Joseph; Montgomery, Mary W. "MEDINA". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- Gottheil, Richard; Hirschfeld, Hartwig. "BANU AUS". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- Muir, William (sir.) (1858). "Yathreb or Medîna". The Life of Mahomet. Smith. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- Watt, William Montgomery (1986). "AL-AWS". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 771–72. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.