Azucena Villaflor (7 April 1924 – 10 December 1977) was an Argentine activist and one of the founders of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a human rights organisation which looks for the victims of enforced disappearances during Argentina's Dirty War.
Azucena Villaflor | |
|---|---|
 Villaflor in the 1970s | |
| Born | 7 April 1924 Buenos Aires Province, Argentina |
| Disappeared | 10 December 1977 (aged 53) Buenos Aires Province, Argentina |
| Body discovered | 20 December 1977 |
| Occupation | Activist |
| Spouse | Pedro De Vincenti |
| Children | 4 |
Personal life
editVillaflor was born into a lower-class family to Florentino Villaflor, a 21-year-old wool factory worker, and his 15-year-old wife, Emma Nitz. Villaflor's paternal family had a history of involvement in militant Peronism.[1][2]
At the age of 16, Villaflor started working as a secretary for a home appliances company, where she met Pedro de Vincenti, a labour union delegate. She and de Vincenti married in 1949, and had four children together.[3] They lived in Villa Dominico in Buenos Aires Province.[4]
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
editOn 30 November 1976, eight months after the establishment of the National Reorganisation Process, Villaflor's son Néstor and his girlfriend Raquel Mangin were abducted.[2][5] Villaflor attempted to search for them through the Ministry of Interior and also sought support from military vicar Adolfo Tortolo; during the search, Villaflor began to meet other women who were looking for missing relatives.[6]
After six months, Villaflor decided to start a series of demonstrations in order to publicise Néstor and Raquel's disappearances. On 30 April 1977, she and thirteen other mothers, including María Adela Gard de Antokoletz, went to Plaza de Mayo in central Buenos Aires, in front of the Casa Rosada, due to Villaflor considering this to be a politically and historically important site in Argentina. The original protest, which turned into a march after the military ordered that they not "group" but "circulate" around the plaza, happened on a Saturday; the second on a Friday; and subsequently each Thursday at 3:30pm.[7]
Disappearance and death
edit
Kidnapping and murder
editOn 10 December 1977, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo published an advertisement including the names of their disappeared children. That same night, Villaflor was taken by armed individuals from her home in Villa Dominico, and was reported to have been detained at a concentration camp belonging to the Navy Petty-Officers School, which was run by Alfredo Astiz at that time.[8] It is believed that Villaflor was tortured that night alongside other kidnapped women, including a group of French nuns, and that they were murdered a few days later.[9]
On 20 December 1977, several bodies washed up on the shores of Santa Teresita and Mar del Tuyú in Buenos Aires Province. While the cause of death was reported to be "impact on hard objects from a great height", consistent with the so-called death flight, as recounted by former Argentine naval officer and convicted criminal Adolfo Scilingo.[10][11] The bodies were not identified and were buried in a cemetery in General Lavalle.[12]
Exhumation and identification
editIn 2003, exhumations started by the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, which ultimately would identify the bodies of five women as belonging to Villaflor, Esther Ballestrino, María Ponce de Bianco, Ángela Auad, and Léonie Duquet, all of whom had disappeared in 1977; Villaflor's body was formally identified in a report published on 8 July 2005.[13] The bodies showed fractures consistent with a fall and impact against a solid surface, which led to the hypothesis that the women had been killed during a death flight, as recounted by former Argentine naval officer and convicted criminal Adolfo Scilingo.[13][14]
Villaflor's remains were cremated and buried at the foot of the Pirámide de Mayo in the centre of the Plaza de Mayo on 8 December 2005, following the 25th Annual Resistance March of the Mothers; the location was chosen by her surviving children.[15][16]
Legacy
editA biography of Villaflor was written by Enrique Arrosagaray, originally published in 1997.[4] A street was named after her in Buenos Aires in 1996.[17]
Further reading
edit- Arrosagaray, Enrique (1997). Biografía de Azucena Villaflor: creadora del Movimiento Madres de Plaza de Mayo (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Catalogos. ISBN 978-9-8729-2939-8. OCLC 37753161.
References
edit- ^ Viau, Susana (9 December 2005). "La fundadora de las Madres". Página 12 (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Azucena Villaflor de Vicenti". Diario Mar de Ajó Enrique Arrosagaray, María del Rosario Carballeda de Cerutti, María Adela Gard de Antokoletz, Nora Cortiñas, Hebe Bonafini. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ Memoria, verdad y justicia a los 30 años X los treinta mil: voces de la memoria (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones Baobab. 2006. p. 37. ISBN 9875520640.
- ^ a b Arrosagaray, Enrique (2021). Biografía de Azucena Villaflor: creadora del movimiento Madres de Plaza de Mayo (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Cirenflores. ISBN 9789874039286.
- ^ Gulman, Agustin (30 April 2017). "A 40 años de las Madres, la emoción de la hija de Azucena Villaflor, la fundadora". Big Bang! News (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ Kaplan, Temma (2004). Taking back the streets: women, youth, and direct democracy. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 111. ISBN 9875520640.
- ^ "Azucena Villaflor, a 20 años del secuestro". La Nación (in Spanish). 11 December 1997. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ Arditti, Rita (1999). Searching for life: the grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo and the disappeared children of Argentina. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780520215702.
- ^ "La pionera de las Madres". Clarín (in Spanish). 8 December 1997. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ "Hallaron los restos de la fundadora de las Madres de Plaza de Mayo". Clarín (in Spanish). 8 July 2005. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ Robben, Antonius C. G. M. (2018). Argentina betrayed: memory, mourning, and accountability. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780520215702.
- ^ "Por primera vez hallan cuerpos de 'vuelos de la muerte'". Diario Río Negro (in Spanish). 9 July 2005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Hallaron los restos de la fundadora de las Madres de Plaza de Mayo". Clarín (in Spanish). 8 July 2005. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ Robben, Antonius C. G. M. (2018). Argentina betrayed: memory, mourning, and accountability. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780520215702.
- ^ "Las cenizas de Azucena, junto a la Pirámide" [es]. Página 12. 9 December 2005. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ Sloan, Kathryn A. (2011). Women's roles in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. p. 189. ISBN 9780313381089.
- ^ Welch, Michael (2022). The Bastille effect: transforming sites of political imprisonment. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780520386037.
External links
edit- Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team
- Remains of Mothers of Plaza de Mayo identified. Asheville Global Report, Archives, No. 339, 14–20 July 2005.
- Otra víctima de los vuelos de la muerte (in Spanish) Clarín, 4 December 2005.
- Las cenizas de Azucena, junto a la Pirámide; La fundadora de las Madres (in Spanish) Página/12, 9 December 2005.
- "US Declassified Documents: Argentine Junta Security Forces Killed, Disappeared Activists, Mothers and Nuns", The National Security Archive.
- Azucena Villaflor de Vicenti - Biographical comments and quotes by people who knew her (in Spanish), Diario Mar de Ajo.