The Arab satellite lists or Arab lists were Israeli Arab satellite parties formed for the purposes of electoral support of Mapai (and later the Labor Party), and other Zionist parties between 1948 and the mid-1970s.[1][2][3][4] Between the 1949 elections and the 1969 elections, most of the Israeli Arab vote was divided between the communist parties Maki and Rakah[a] and the Arab satellite lists.[2] The time span under military rule (1948–1966) was described as the "golden age" of satellite parties.[5] According to Israeli scholar Rebecca Kook, Maki and Rakah were considered the only parties to truly represent Arab interests until the Progressive List for Peace won two seats in the 1984 elections.[2]
The existence of the Arab lists was partially because Arabs were barred from membership of Mapai until 1973.[6] Unlike normal political parties, they were not active between elections.[7] Most of the lists survived more than one term, and all were subservient to the policies of their patron Mapai.[3] The lists were put together based on local influence, clans and religion.[8]
According to Ilana Kaufman, the Arab lists; "were not proper parties but ad hoc electoral arrangements for the election of Arabs to the Knesset."[9] Majid Al Haj writes that the object of the lists "was not the political mobilization of the Arab populations but rather the capture of Arab votes."[10]
The Labor Party withdrew its support from its last satellite list, the United Arab List, prior to the 1981 elections. The Alignment, an alliance of the Labor Party and Mapam, saw its share of the Arab vote triple in the elections,[11] whilst the UAL failed to cross the electoral threshold. Alongside two other lists, the Christian-led Arab Brotherhood List and the more radical Bedouin-led Arab Citizens' List,[12] the election was seen of the end of personalist Arab lists based on traditional leadership.[13][14] The Arab Democratic Party, established in 1988 as a breakaway from the Labor Party, effectively took their place in the political sphere.[15]
List of Arab satellite lists
editElections
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The table below shows the votes of Arab-Israelis for Arab-led political parties, Jewish-led political parties and the satellite lists:[18]
| Year | Arab parties/Maki | Arab satellite lists | Jewish parties |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | 22% | 52% | 26% |
| 1951 | 16% | 55% | 29% |
| 1955 | 16% | 58% | 27% |
| 1959 | 11% | 59% | 30% |
| 1961 | 23% | 46% | 32% |
| 1965 | 24% | 44% | 33% |
| 1969 | 30% | 41% | 29% |
| 1973 | 37% | 36% | 27% |
| 1977 | 52% | 21% | 27% |
| 1981 | 39% | 12% | 49% |
| 1984 | 50% | 50% | |
| 1988 | 58% | 42% | |
| 1992 | 48% | 52% | |
| 1996 | 62% | 38% | |
| 1999 | 69% | 31% | |
| 2003 | 69% | 31% | |
| 2006 | 72% | 28% | |
| 2009 | 82% | 18% | |
| 2013 | 77% | 23% | |
| 2015 | 83% | 17% | |
| April 2019 | 72% | 28% | |
| September 2019 | 82% | 18% | |
| 2020 | 88% | 12% | |
| 2021 | 80% | 20% | |
| 2022[19] | 86% | 14% |
References
edit- ^ Uzi Rebhun & Chaim Isaac Waxman (2004) Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns, University Press of New England, p356
"gradual decline in the electoral power of the Satellite lists, (i.e., smaller parties that align with a large party to form a bloc) until their final demise in the elections of 1984. The votes that had previously been given to those parties went either to Zionist parties or to the Communist Party and the newly formed Arab national parties." - ^ a b c Rebecca Kook: "For the first seven rounds of elections. most of the Arab votes were distributed amongst the Israeli Communist party (Maki later to become Rakach. later to become Hadash) and various Mapai and Mapam satellite lists. These were lists formed by the two main labor movement parties headed by Arab candidates. They were for all intents and purposes, however, extensions of the leading parties in terms of positions and coalition alignment. They are commonly described as satellite lists because of the patronage relationship between them and Mapai. The Israel Communist party, however, was long considered the only party to truly represent Arab interests until the appearance of the Progressive List for Peace (PLP) in 1984."; in Israel in Comparative Perspective: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom, edited by Michael N. Barnett, p.214
- ^ a b As'ad Ghanem: "Most of the lists were established by Mapai under Ben-Gurion... Most of them served more than one term and all were subservient to the leaders of Mapai".The Palestinian-Arab Minority in Israel, 1948-2000: A Political Study, As'ad Ghanem, p.41
- ^ Israel at the Crossroads, edited by Efraim Karsh, Gregory S. Mahler, p.157
- ^ "Arab Satellite Parties – Another Means of Control". Akevot Institute for Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Research. March 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
- ^ Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State: Identities in Conflict, Nadim N. Rouhana, p.96
- ^ Rael Jean Isaac, "The Mapai-affiliated lists were not active between elections but were ad hoc organizations formed on the eve of elections to assure the election of specific leaders."; in Party and Politics in Israel: Three Visions of a Jewish State, p.173, Addison-Wesley Longman Limited, 1981
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jacob M. Landau (1969). The Arabs in Israel: A Political Study. Routledge. ISBN 9781317397649.
- ^ Ilana Kaufman: "The Arab lists, as their name indicates, were not proper parties but ad hoc electoral arrangements for the election of Arabs to the Knesset."; in Arab National Communism in the Jewish State, p.82
- ^ Majid Al Haj: "Until the late 1960s, Arab-alliliated Knesset lists were one of the most efficient instruments for channeling Arab votes. These satellite lists were initiated and backed by Zionist parties, mainly Mapai-Labour, which was the principal political force until 1977. The object of these lists was not the political mobilization of the Arab populations but rather the capture of Arab votes."; in Immigration and Ethnic Formation in a Deeply Divided Society, p.64
- ^ Bernard Reich & David H Goldberg (2008) Historical Dictionary of Israel, p. 45
- ^ ""אני פסימי ומיואש'". Maariv (in Hebrew). 16 January 1981. p. 16. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ Ori Stendel. "מגמות ההצבעה לכנסת העשירית בקרב ערביי ישראל" [Trends in the Arab Vote in the Elections to the Tenth Kneset]. The New East/המזרח החדש: Vol. 30/כרך ל׳ (in Hebrew). p. 144.
- ^ Ra'anan Cohen (2006). זרים בביתם : ערבים, יהודים, מדינה (in Hebrew). p. 56. ISBN 965-306-255-7.
- ^ Ghanem, p. 42
- ^ a b Ervin Birnbaum (1970). The Politics of Compromise: State and Religion in Israel. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0838675670.
- ^ "21 הרשימות". Al HaMishmar (in Hebrew). 31 December 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ "Statistical Report on Arab Society in Israel :2021". The Israel Democracy Institute. 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
Arab votes by political party, 1949–2021 (% of total Arab votes)
- ^ Dr. Arik Rudnitzky (9 November 2022). "Arab Votes in the 2022 Election". The Israel Democracy Institute. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Rakah was an Arab-dominated breakaway from Maki in 1965 and was then recognised by the Soviet Union as the official communist party