The Apocalypse of Thomas (Latin: Revelatio Thomae) is a work from the New Testament apocrypha, apparently composed originally in Greek. It concerns the end of the world, and appears to be influenced by the Apocalypse of John (better known later as the Book of Revelation), although it is written in a less mystical and cosmic manner. The Apocalypse of Thomas is the inspiration for the popular medieval millennial list Fifteen Signs before Doomsday.
Manuscript history and dating
editFrom roughly 1600–1900, the Apocalypse of Thomas was only known to exist by hostile references to it in the sixth century Gelasian Decree, which condemned the work as apocrypha not to be read. Since 1900, manuscripts have been discovered that have enabled scholars to piece together a history of the text. These manuscripts are largely in Latin, notably a 9th century manuscript from Benediktbeuern Abbey, although one Anglo-Saxon language fragment has been discovered as well in the Vercelli Book.[1] No known single manuscript contains a complete text of any variant; scholars have resorted to piecing together eclectic versions from combinations of manuscripts.[2]
The text was probably written in Greek between the second and the fourth century, perhaps in Syria or Persia. It was then independently copied and translated in Latin in Italy or North Africa; the varying translations of the same underlying work explain various differences in the text between manuscripts. There are two recensions of the text, a longer and a shorter, with the shorter one containing an interpolation apparently written in the fifth century, attributed to the influence of Priscillianism and/or Manichaeism.[1] This may have led to its condemnation in the Gelasian Decree, although this is complicated as the Decree does not describe its content nor offer a direct reason for why the works it lists were forbidden. Not all scholars agree that a Priscillianist influence is present.[2] Likely revisions and variations other than the two known ones existed as well.[1]
Content
editThe apocalypse is attributed to merely "Thomas", without clarifying which one. Thomas the Apostle is one possibility, as is one of Mani's three closest disciples, who was named Thomas. The work is not very long, with only 13 paragraphs in the short version, and 28 paragraphs in the longer version. Thomas relates a vision by God describing the end of the world over a period of seven days, and what will happen on each. On the eighth day, the elect are delivered up unto God, whereupon they rejoice over the destruction of the sinful mortal realm.[1]
The depiction of Christ's arrival on Earth echoes Psalm 104 1–6.[2]
Related works
editAurelio de Santos Otero writes that the author appears to be familiar with, or at least was influenced by, various other apocalyptic literature other than the Apocalypse of John, including the Assumption of Moses, the Ascension of Isaiah, and the Sibylline Oracles.[1]
Influence
editThe Apocalypse of Thomas was widespread in Northwestern Europe, with manuscripts dating between the eighth and the eleventh century. Despite the condemnation in the Gelasian Decree,[3] this did not seem to curtail its popularity: the Apocalypse was most likely accepted as canonical "in certain parts of Western Christendom in the ninth and tenth centuries".[4] A number of medieval homilies reference the Apocalypse of Thomas or its content. These medieval adaptations generally focused on the most dramatic and terrifying parts, such as the foretold mass destruction. Mary Jett suggests that the medieval interest may not entirely match the original use of the work in the times of the Roman Empire; she notes that some older manuscripts include a full eighth day of the end times which is more triumphant, where an Angel of Peace liberates the elect, and the depiction of this happy eighth day can be as long as the other seven days put together.[2]
The interpolated version of the Apocalypse is notable for having inspired the Fifteen Signs before Doomsday, a list of fifteen signs given over fifteen days announcing Judgment Day, a visionary list which spread all over Europe and remained popular possibly into Shakespeare's day.[4][5]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Santos Otero, Aurelio de (1965) [1964]. "Apocalypse of Thomas". In Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (ed.). New Testament Apocrypha: Volume Two: Writings Relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Translated by Wilson, Robert McLachlan. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 798–803.
- ^ a b c d Jett, Mary Julia (2022). "Apocalypse of Thomas". In Edwards, J. Christopher (ed.). Early New Testament Apocrypha. Ancient Literature for New Testament Studies 9. Zondervan Academic. pp. 459–475. ISBN 9780310099710.
- ^ "Tertullian : Decretum Gelasianum (English translation)". www.tertullian.org. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
- ^ a b Gatch, Milton McCormick (1964). "Two Uses of Apocrypha in Old English Homilies". Church History. 33 (4): 379–91. doi:10.2307/3162832. JSTOR 3162832. S2CID 161641954.
- ^ Dunn, Charles W. (1958). "Rev. of Heist, The Fifteen Signs before Doomsday". The Journal of American Folklore. 71 (280): 189. doi:10.2307/537713. hdl:2027/mdp.39015010721762. JSTOR 537713.
External links
edit
The full text of The Apocalypse of Thomas at Wikisource, translation and commentary by M. R. James in the 1924 book The Apocryphal New Testament- "Apocalypse of Thomas", overview and bibliography by Tony Burke and Matthias Geigenfeind. NASSCAL: e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha.
- Codex Clm 4585, at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek of Munich
