Wikipedia

apk (file format)

This article is about the Android package format. For the Alpine Linux package format, see Alpine Linux.

The Android Package with the file extension apk[1] is the file format used by the Android operating system, and a number of other Android-based operating systems for distribution and installation of mobile apps, mobile games and middleware. A file using this format can be built from source code written in either Java or Kotlin.

APK
Filename extension
.apk, .apks, .aab, .xapk, .apkm, .akp
Internet media type
application/vnd.android.package-archive
Type of formatPackage format
Container for
Extended fromJAR

APK files can be generated and signed from Android App Bundles.[2]

Overview

APK is analogous to other software packages such as APPX in Microsoft Windows, APP for HarmonyOS or a Debian package in Debian-based operating systems. To make an APK file, a program for Android is first compiled using a tool such as Android Studio[3] or Visual Studio and then all of its parts are packaged into one container file. An APK file contains all of a program's code (such as .dex files), resources, assets, certificates, and manifest file. As is the case with many file formats, APK files can have any desired name but, for the system to recognize them, the .apk filename suffix may be necessary.[4][5][6]

Most Android implementations allow users to manually install APK files only after they turn on an "Unknown Sources" setting that allows installation from sources other than trusted ones like Google Play. One may do so for many reasons, such as during the development of apps, to install apps not found on the store, or to install an older version of an existing app.[7]

Use on other operating systems

Blackberry Limited supported Android 4.1 Jelly Bean apps and up through Android Runtime to now discontinued Blackberry 10 through the January 2014 10.2.1 firmware update.[8] On June 18, 2014, BlackBerry announced an official relationship with Amazon.com, which resulted in the 10.3 update bundling the Amazon Appstore.

At 2015 Build, Microsoft had also announced an Android runtime environment for Windows 10 Mobile known as "Astoria", which would allow Android apps to run in an emulated environment with minimal changes, and have access to Microsoft platform APIs such as Bing Maps and Xbox Live as nearly drop-in replacements for equivalent Google Mobile Services. Google Mobile Services and certain core APIs would not be available, and apps with "deep integration into background tasks" were said to poorly support the environment.[9][10]

On February 25, 2016, after already having delayed it in November 2015,[11][12] Microsoft announced that "Astoria" would be shelved, arguing that it was redundant to the native Windows Bridge toolkit since iOS is already a primary target for mobile app development. The company also encouraged use of products from Xamarin (which they had acquired the previous day) for multi-platform app development using C# programming language instead.[13][14] Portions of Astoria were used as a basis for the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) platform on the PC version of Windows 10.[15]

On August 9, 2019, HarmonyOS came with APK compatibility via AOSP base with Linux kernel on HarmonyOS 1.0 for TVs and also June 2, 2021, HarmonyOS 2.0 version expanded to smartphones and tablets until Galaxy Edition version under HarmonyOS NEXT system for the next iterative HarmonyOS 5 beta to commercial version, starting in Q2, June 2024.[16][17][18][19][20]

At the Windows 11 announcement event in June 2021, Microsoft showcased the new Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA) that will enable support for the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and will allow users to run Android apps on their Windows desktop. Microsoft confirmed users will be able to sideload Android apps onto Windows and that it would be possible to install APK files downloaded from third-party sources.[21] On March 5, 2024, Microsoft announced to end its Android apps on Windows 11 subsystem by March 5, 2025, as part of its effort to depreciate the subsystem from Windows NT kernel dropping Android apk apps compatibility, including Android apps from Amazon App Store.[22]

Google announced plans in December 2021 to bring Android games to Windows in 2022.[23][24]

Package contents

An APK file is a ZIP archive that usually contains the following files and directories:

  • META-INF directory:
    • MANIFEST.MF: the Manifest file
    • The certificate of the application.
    • CERT.SF: The list of resources and a SHA-1 digest of the corresponding lines in the MANIFEST.MF file; for example:
      Signature-Version: 1.0
Created-By: 1.0 (Android)
SHA1-Digest-Manifest: wxqnEAI0UA5nO5QJ8CGMwjkGGWE=
...
Name: res/layout/exchange_component_back_bottom.xml
SHA1-Digest: eACjMjESj7Zkf0cBFTZ0nqWrt7w=
Name: res/drawable-hdpi/icon.png
SHA1-Digest: DGEqylP8W0n0iV/ZzBx3MW0WGCA=
  • lib: the directory containing the compiled code that is platform dependent, for example native libraries that can be loaded through JNI; the directory is split into more directories within it:
    • armeabi-v7a: compiled code for all ARMv7 and above based processors only
    • arm64-v8a: compiled code for all ARMv8 arm64 and above based processors only[25]
    • x86: compiled code for x86 processors only
    • x86_64: compiled code for x86-64 processors only
    • mips and armeabi, deprecated since NDK r17[26][27]
  • res: the directory containing resources not compiled into resources.arsc (see below).
  • assets: a directory containing applications assets, which can be retrieved by AssetManager.
  • AndroidManifest.xml: An additional Android manifest file, describing the name, version, access rights, referenced library files for the application. This file may be in Android binary XML that can be converted into human-readable plaintext XML with tools such as AXMLPrinter2, Apktool M, or Androguard.
  • classes.dex: The classes compiled in the dex file format executed by Android Runtime (or by Dalvik virtual machine used in Android 4.4 KitKat).
  • resources.arsc: a file containing precompiled resources, such as binary XML for example.

See also

Further reading

  • Hildenbrand, Jerry (2017-01-27). "Is sideloading APK files considered piracy?". Android Central. Retrieved 2023-02-10.

References

  1. ^ "Application Fundamentals". Android Developers. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  2. ^ Peters, Jay (30 June 2021). "Google is moving away from APKs on the Play Store". The Verge. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  3. ^ "Application Studio". Android Developers. Archived from the original on 2021-09-12. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  4. ^ "Inside the Android Application Framework" (video). Google Sites. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-12-24. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  5. ^ Hatem Ben Yacoub (20 April 2018). "Tips: How to install apk files on Android Emulator". Open Ha Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  6. ^ "The Structure of Android Package (APK) Files". OPhone SDN. OPhone Software Developer Network. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011.
  7. ^ "Unknown Sources: Everything you need to know!". Android Central. 27 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  8. ^ Michael, Kozlowski (29 January 2014). "BlackBerry 10.2.1 Update Allows you to Install APK Files on your Phone". GoodEReader. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  9. ^ "How will Android support work in Windows 10 for Phones?". TechRadar Pro. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  10. ^ "Microsoft brings Android, iOS apps to Windows 10". Ars Technica. April 29, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  11. ^ "Microsoft might not bring Android apps to Windows after all". The Verge. Vox Media. November 16, 2015. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  12. ^ Collins, Katie (November 16, 2015). "Microsoft presses pause on tool for porting Android apps to Windows 10". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  13. ^ "Microsoft confirms: Android-on-Windows Astoria tech is gone". Ars Technica. Conde Nast. February 25, 2016. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  14. ^ "An Update on the Developer Opportunity and Windows 10". Building Apps for Windows blog. Microsoft. February 25, 2016. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  15. ^ Bright, Peter (April 6, 2016). "Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  16. ^ Cheng, Christina (2021-06-12). "Google apps still supported on new HarmonyOS upgraded from EMUI". RPRNA. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  17. ^ Matsui, Emiko. "HarmonyOS NEXT Galaxy will officially meet users in Spring: Huawei". HC Newsroom. HC Newsroom. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  18. ^ Matsui, Emiko (2024-04-11). "Huawei to launch HarmonyOS NEXT beta at HDC 2024 event in June". Huawei Central. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  19. ^ "Huawei's HarmonyOS has ADB mode, could it be based on Android?". KLGadgetGuy. 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  20. ^ Linder, Brad (2023-11-13). "Huawei's next version of HarmonyOS will drop support for Android apps". Liliputing. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  21. ^ Parmar, Mayank (2021-06-27). "Microsoft confirms Android apps will run on all Windows 11 PCs". Windows Latest. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  22. ^ Warren, Tom. "Microsoft to end its Android apps on Windows 11 subsystem in 2025". The Verge. The Verge. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  23. ^ "Google Play Games - Play Android games on PC". play.google.com. Archived from the original on 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  24. ^ Warren, Tom (2021-12-09). "Google is bringing Android games to Windows in 2022". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  25. ^ "ABI Management | Android Developers". developer.android.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  26. ^ "Android ABIs | Android NDK". Android Developers. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2020-08-14. Note: Historically the NDK supported ARMv5 (armeabi), and 32-bit and 64-bit MIPS, but support for these ABIs was removed in NDK r17.
  27. ^ Dan, Albert (Sep 5, 2018). "Changelog r17". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2020-08-28. Retrieved 2020-08-14. Support for ARMv5 (armeabi), MIPS, and MIPS64 has been removed. Attempting to build any of these ABIs will result in an error.
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