Wikipedia

Andrew Grove

For the English fashion designer, see Andrew Groves.

Andrew Stephen Grove (born Gróf András István; 2 September 1936 – 21 March 2016) was a Hungarian-American businessman and engineer who served as the third CEO of Intel Corporation. He escaped from the Hungarian People's Republic during the 1956 revolution at the age of 20 and moved to the United States, where he finished his education. He was the third employee and eventual third CEO of Intel, transforming the company into the world's largest semiconductor company.[3]

Andrew Grove
Grove in 2009
Born
Gróf András István[1]

(1936-09-02)September 2, 1936
Budapest, Hungary
DiedMarch 21, 2016(2016-03-21) (aged 79)
Los Altos, California, U.S.
EducationCity College of New York (BS)
University of California, Berkeley (PhD)
Occupation(s)businessman, engineer, senior advisor
Known forthird CEO of Intel Corporation, first COO and third employee, 1968
Notable workCollege textbook, Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices (1967)
Management book, Only the Paranoid Survive, (1996)
PredecessorGordon Moore
SuccessorCraig Barrett
SpouseEva Kastan (1958–death)
Children2[2]
AwardsJ J Ebers Award (1974)
Time Man of the Year, 1997
Chief Executive magazine, CEO of the Year, 1997

As a result of his work at Intel, along with his books and professional articles, Grove had a considerable influence on electronics manufacturing industries worldwide. He has been called the "guy who drove the growth phase" of Silicon Valley.[4] In 1997, Time magazine chose him as "Man of the Year", for being "the person most responsible for the amazing growth in the power and the innovative potential of microchips."[5][6] One source notes that by his accomplishments at Intel alone, he "merits a place alongside the great business leaders of the 20th century."[7]

Personal life and education

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Grove was born as Gróf András István to a middle-class Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary, the son of Mária and György Gróf. At the age of four he contracted scarlet fever, which was nearly fatal and caused partial hearing loss.[7]

When he was eight, the Nazis occupied Hungary and deported nearly 500,000 Jews to concentration camps, including Auschwitz. To avoid being arrested, Grove and his mother took on false identities and were sheltered by friends.[7] His father, however, was arrested and taken to an Eastern Labor Camp where he was severely tortured[8] and forced to do slave labor. The father was reunited with his family only after the war.[9]

During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, when he was 20, he left his home and family and escaped across the border into Austria. Penniless and barely able to speak English, in 1957 he eventually made his way to the United States. He later changed his name to the anglicized Andrew S. Grove.[1][10] Grove summarized his first twenty years of life in Hungary in his memoirs:

By the time I was twenty, I had lived through a Hungarian Fascist dictatorship, German military occupation, the Nazis' "Final Solution," the siege of Budapest by the Soviet Red Army, a period of chaotic democracy in the years immediately after the war, a variety of repressive Communist regimes, and a popular uprising that was put down at gunpoint... [where] many young people were killed; countless others were interned. Some two hundred thousand Hungarians escaped to the West. I was one of them.[1]

Soon after arriving in the United States, in New York's Catskill Resort,[where?] in 1957, he met his future wife, Eva Kastan, who was an Austrian refugee.[11] They met while he held a job as a busboy and she was a waitress while studying at Hunter College. One year after they met, in June 1958 they married in New York, Queens, in a Roman Catholic ceremony. They remained married until Grove died. They had two daughters, Karen Grove and Robie Livingstone, and eight grandchildren.[12][13][14]

Even though he arrived in the United States with little money, Grove retained a "passion for learning."[15]

He earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the City College of New York in 1960.[16] The New York Times stated that "a refugee became a senior in engineering."[17]

Grove attended and graduated with his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 1963.

In 2000, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease; he became a contributor to several foundations that sponsor research towards a cure.[18] He died at his home on March 21, 2016, at the age of 79; the cause of death was not publicly disclosed.[5]

Career

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Starting Intel

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When I came to Intel, I was scared to death. I left a very secure job where I knew what I was doing and started running R&D for a brand new venture in untried territory. It was terrifying.

Andrew Grove[3]

After completing his Ph.D. in 1963, Grove worked at Fairchild Semiconductor as a researcher, and by 1967 had become its assistant director of development.[19] His work there made him familiar with the early development of integrated circuits, which would lead to the "microcomputer revolution" in the 1970s. In 1967, he wrote a college textbook on the subject, Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices.[20]

 
Left to right: Andy Grove, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore (1978)

In 1968, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore co-founded Intel, after they and Grove left Fairchild Semiconductor. Grove joined on the day of its incorporation, although he was not a founder. Fellow Hungarian émigré Leslie L. Vadász was Intel's fourth employee.[4] Grove worked initially as the company's director of engineering, and helped get its early manufacturing operations started. In 1983, he wrote a book, High Output Management, in which he described many of his methods and manufacturing concepts.[15]

Initially, Intel primarily manufactured static memory chips for mainframe computers, but in the early/mid-1970s Intel introduced one of the earliest digital watches, an electronic calculator, and also the world's first general-purpose microprocessor, the 4-bit 4004. By 1974 Intel had developed the 8-bit 8008 and quickly thereafter, in 1975, the 8080 processor, which would become the core of the Altair, the world's first so-called PC (personal computer) which foreshadowed the PC revolution. Soon came the 8086 16-bit microprocessor and a cost-reduced version, the 8088, which IBM chose for its IBM PC which brought personal computers to the masses. In 1985, Intel produced the 32-bit 80386 microprocessor which began a long line of increasingly powerful microprocessors including the 80486, the Pentium, and a plethora of supporting integrated circuits and computers built with them.

Even though Intel had invented most of the types of memory in use at the time including EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), by 1985, with less demand for their memory chips due to the challenges created by Japanese "dumping" of memory chips at below-cost prices, Grove was forced to make radical changes.[21] As a result, he chose to discontinue producing DRAMs and focus instead on manufacturing microprocessors. Grove, along with Intel's sales manager to IBM, Earl Whetstone, played a key role in negotiating with IBM to use only Intel microprocessors in all of their new personal computers.

The company's revenue increased from $2,672 in its first year (1968) to $20.8 billion in 1997. Grove was appointed Intel's president in 1979, CEO in 1987, and then chairman of the board in 1997. In May 1998 Grove relinquished the post of CEO to Craig Barrett, as Grove had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a few years earlier, though he remained chairman until November 2004. Since then Grove remained at Intel as a senior advisor, and has also been a lecturer at Stanford University. He reflected back upon Intel's growth through the years:

In various bits and pieces, we have steered Intel from a start-up to one of the central companies of the information economy.[15]

Grove is credited with having transformed Intel from a manufacturer of memory chips into the world's dominant producer of microprocessors for PC, servers, and general-purpose computing. During his tenure as CEO, Grove oversaw a 4,500% increase in Intel's market capitalization from $4 billion to $197 billion, making it the world's 7th largest company, with 64,000 employees. Most of the company's profits were reinvested in research and development, along with building new facilities, in order to produce improved and faster microprocessors.[15]

Management methods and style

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Probably no one person has had a greater influence in shaping Intel, Silicon Valley, and all we think about today in the technology world than Andy Grove.

Pat Gelsinger, CEO of VMware, and later CEO of Intel[22]

As director of operations, manufacturing became Grove's primary focus and his management style relied heavily on his management concepts. As the company expanded and he was appointed chairman, Grove became more involved in strategic decision-making, including establishing markets for new products, coordinating manufacturing processes and developing new partnerships with smaller companies.

Grove helped create the Intel Architecture Laboratory (IAL) in Oregon to ensure that software was developed in time to take advantage of their new microprocessors. Grove stated that "you are making decisions about what the information technology world will want five years into the future."[15]

Only the Paranoid Survive

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Business success contains the seeds of its own destruction. Success breeds complacency. Complacency breeds failure. Only the paranoid survive.

Andy Grove, former CEO of Intel[23][24][15]

As CEO, he wanted his managers to always encourage experimentation and prepare for changes, making a case for the value of paranoia in business. He became known for his guiding motto: "Only the paranoid survive," and wrote a management book with the same title, published in 1996. As a result, he urged senior executives to allow people to test new techniques, new products, new sales channels, and new customers, to be ready for unexpected shifts in business or technology. Biographer Jeremy Byman observed that Grove "was the one person at Intel who refused to let the company rest on its laurels."[25] Grove explains his reasoning:

A corporation is a living organism; it has to continue to shed its skin. Methods have to change. Focus has to change. Values have to change. The sum total of those changes is transformation.[26]

Strategic inflection points

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Grove popularized the concept of the "strategic inflection point," a crucial time that demands a major change in strategy due to shifts in the business environment. A company's growth depends on recognizing and effectively navigating these points.[27]

Strategic inflection points cause a mismatch between a company's current strategies and changes in the industry, something Grove called strategic dissonance.[27] "To overcome this, the dissonance must be resolved by aligning the company's strategies with the new reality, requiring proactive and adaptive leadership that continually assesses and adjusts the company's strategies to keep pace with shifts in the business environment," taught Grove.[28]

Grove believed that the role of Helpful Cassandras, individuals who raise red flags about potential problems and challenge the dominant view, are crucial in identifying and mitigating risks before they become bigger issues. He emphasized the importance of organizations listening to the warnings of Cassandras and taking action, instead of ignoring or suppressing them, in order to identify and successfully address strategic inflection points.[29]

Competitive mindset

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Grove had a strong competitive mindset, viewing competition as the key driver of innovation and progress. He encouraged companies to aim for industry leadership and constantly seek ways to improve their offerings, processes and operations. He likened himself to a coach and viewed the manager's role as one of fueling employee motivation to excel.[28][30] He believed "good fear" could play a productive role.[31][23]

"The quality guru W. Edwards Deming advocated stamping out fear in corporations. I have trouble with the simplemindedness of this dictum. The most important role of managers is to create an environment where people are passionately dedicated to winning in the marketplace. Fear plays a major role in creating and maintaining such passion. Fear of competition, fear of bankruptcy, fear of being wrong and fear of losing can all be powerful motivators."[32]

Constructive confrontation

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Grove fostered a culture of open communication where employees were encouraged to speak their minds in a "constructive confrontation" approach.[12][23] "People here aren't afraid to speak up and debate with Andy,"[15] said Intel Senior VP Ron Whittier. According to Grove's successor at Intel, Craig Barrett, "It's give and take, and anyone in the company can yell at him. He's not above it." Grove insisted that people be demanding on one another, which fostered an atmosphere of "ruthless intelligence."[12] About that philosophy, writes business author Ken Goldstein, "you bought into it or got your walking papers."[33]

Egalitarian ethos

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Grove asserted that knowledge power surpasses positional power. He ingrained that philosophy in the workplace culture at Intel. "We argue about issues, not the people who advocate them."[34] As a testament to this ethos, there were no executive perks at Intel, including special dining rooms, washrooms, or parking spots.[35] Grove's office was a standard 8 by 9 ft (2.4 by 2.7 m) cubicle, reflecting his personal preference for an egalitarian atmosphere. Grove disliked "mahogany-paneled corner offices." "I've been living in cubicles since 1978—and it hasn't hurt a whole lot."[15] This accessibility made his workspace open to anyone who walked by.

This workplace culture is a reflection of Grove's personal life, where he was known for his modesty and lack of pretense. He lived simply, without luxury cars or private planes, and was described by venture capitalist Arthur Rock as having "no airs."[12]

Attention to detail

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Grove was noted for making sure that important details were never missed, with one of his favorite sayings being, "the devil is in the details." Intel Vice President Dennis Carter states that "Andy is very disciplined, precise, and detail oriented.[15] According to Industry Week magazine, Grove feared that the "brilliance that sparked the creation of Intel" during its early years "might come to nothing if somebody didn't pay attention to details." Carter recalls that Grove would even correct his spelling errors despite English being his second language.[15]

The Father of the objectives and key results (OKR) approach to management

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One of the earliest investors in Google, John Doerr, called Grove the "Father of OKRs" in Doerr's 2018 book, Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs.[36] An acronym for objectives and key results, it became central to Google's culture as a "management methodology that helps to ensure that the company focuses efforts on the same important issues throughout the organization."[37] The objective is the clearly defined goal, while the key results were the specific benchmarks to ensure achievement of that goal were "measurable and verifiable."[37]

In 1975, Doerr wrote of attending a course within Intel taught by Grove, where he was introduced to the theory of OKRs.[36] Grove explained his perspective on management: "The key result has to be measurable. But at the end you can look, and without any arguments: Did I do that or did I not do it? Yes? No? Simple. No judgments in it."[38]

Larry Page, co-founder of Google, credited OKRs in the foreword to Doerr's book: "OKRs have helped lead us to 10x growth, many times over. They've helped make our crazily bold mission of 'organizing the world's information' perhaps even achievable. They've kept me and the rest of the company on time and on track when it mattered the most."[39]

Preference for a "job-centric" American economy

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While Grove supported helping technology startups, he also felt that America was wrong in thinking that those new companies would increase employment. "Startups are a wonderful thing," he wrote in a 2010 article for Bloomberg, "but they cannot by themselves increase tech employment."[40] Although many of those startups and entrepreneurs would achieve tremendous success and wealth, said Grove, he was more concerned with the overall negative effect on America: "What kind of a society are we going to have if it consists of highly paid people doing high-value-added work and masses of unemployed?"[40]

Grove felt that employment growth depended on those companies' ability or willingness to scale up within the US. According to Grove, Silicon Valley's "innovation machine" over the last few decades has not been adding many jobs, although American tech companies have instead been adding jobs in Asia "like mad."[40] He noted that while American investments in startups have increased dramatically, those investments have in fact resulted in fewer jobs: "Simply put," he wrote, "the U.S. has become wildly inefficient at creating American tech jobs."[40] He therefore worked to keep Intel's manufacturing in the US, with the company having 90,000 employees in 2010.[41] He explained the causes and effects of many business's growth plans:

Each company, ruggedly individualistic, does its best to expand efficiently and improve its own profitability. However, our pursuit of our individual businesses, which often involves transferring manufacturing and a great deal of engineering out of the country, has hindered our ability to bring innovations to scale at home. Without scaling, we don't just lose jobs—we lose our hold on new technologies. Losing the ability to scale will ultimately damage our capacity to innovate.[40]

To remedy the problem, he strongly believed that "job creation" should become America's primary objective, much as it is in Asian nations. Among the methods he felt were worth considering was the imposition of a tax on imported products, with the funds received then made available to help American companies scale their operations in the US. However, he also accepted the fact that his ideas would be controversial: "If what I'm suggesting sounds protectionist, so be it."[40] Or that those protectionist steps could lead to conflicts with trade partners: "If the result is a trade war, treat it like other wars—fight to win."[40] He added:

All of us in business have a responsibility to maintain the industrial base on which we depend and the society whose adaptability—and stability—we may have taken for granted.[42]

Grove was also in the minority of high-tech leaders when he advocated taxing internet sales made to other states: "I don't think electronic commerce needs federal or state subsidies in terms of tax advantages," he told a Congressional committee in 2000.[43] At the same hearing, he also expressed his opinion about internet privacy, stating that "personal data is a form of property and it's inevitable that governments will regulate property rights." He said that it would be better if the federal government established its own uniform privacy standards rather than have states create a patchwork of different laws.[43]

Writing and teaching

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Grove was also a noted author and scientist. His first book on semiconductors, Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices (1967),[20] has been used by leading universities. Another book he wrote on business operation methods, High Output Management (1983). He also wrote over 40 technical papers and held several patents on semiconductor devices.[44]

Grove wrote Only the Paranoid Survive (1996), a business book, whose core message is that a company in pursuit of a stronger competitive advantage never rests.[45]

He also taught graduate computer physics courses at the University of California, Berkeley and the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Philanthropy

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Grove School of Engineering-CCNY

In 2005, Grove made the largest donation that the City College of New York (CUNY) has ever received. His grant of $26 million transformed the CCNY School of Engineering into the Grove School of Engineering.[46]

Grove was also instrumental, as a key fundraiser, in establishing the University of California, San Francisco's Mission Bay Campus, the largest ongoing biomedical construction project in the world.[47] Chancellor Sam Hawgood said that Grove's "generous and tireless support of UCSF has transformed our university and helped accelerate our research into breakthrough treatments and better patient care."[47]

 
UCSF Mission Bay campus

Among the research facilities which he helped fund were the UCSF Prostate Cancer Center, the Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute. He also promoted general surgery initiatives and supported various obstetrics and gynecology research programs.[47]

Grove was a longtime member of the International Rescue Committee (IRC), along with being one of its overseers and a member of its board of directors. He was also the founding supporter of the IRC's Pathways to Citizenship program. In 2010, the IRC honored him as one of ten distinguished refugees.[48] In an interview in Esquire magazine in 2000, Grove encouraged the United States to be "vigilant as a nation to have tolerance for difference, a tolerance for new people." He pointed out that immigration and immigrants are what made America what it is.[26]

Honors and awards

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Books

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  • A. S. Grove (1967). Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-32998-3.
  • A. S. Grove (1988). One on One With Andy Grove. Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-010935-8.
  • A. S. Grove (1995). High Output Management. Random House. ISBN 0-679-76288-4. (originally published in 1983)
  • A. S. Grove (1996). Only the Paranoid Survive. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-48258-2.
  • A. S. Grove (2001). Swimming Across: A Memoir. Grand Central. ISBN 0-446-67970-4.
  • Robert Burgelman and A. S. Grove (2001). Strategy Is Destiny: How Strategy-Making Shapes a Company's Future. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-85554-2.
  • Robert A. Burgelman, Andrew S. Grove and Philip E. Meza (2005). Strategic Dynamics: Concepts and Cases. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. ISBN 0-07-312265-3.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Grove, Andrew S. Swimming Across: a Memoir, Hachette Book Group (2001) Prologue.
  2. ^ "Former Intel chief Andrew Grove dies aged 79" BBC, March 22, 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Andy Grove, Valley Veteran Who Founded Intel, Dies at 79" Archived August 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg, March 21, 2016.
  4. ^ a b Gaither, Chris (2001-11-12). "Andy Grove's Tale of His Boyhood in Wartime". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  5. ^ a b Kandall, Jonathan (21 March 2016). "Andrew S. Grove, Longtime Chief of Intel, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  6. ^ a b Isaacson, Walter (1997-12-29). "Time: Man of the Year". Time. Archived from the original on May 10, 2000.
  7. ^ a b c Movers and Shakers: the 100 Most Influential Figures in Modern Business, Basic Books (2003), pp. 205–207
  8. ^ "Andrew S. Grove". Encyclopedia.com. 1936-09-02. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  9. ^ "Andrew S. Grove Dies at 79; Intel Chief Spurred Semiconductor Revolution". The New York Times. 21 March 2016.
  10. ^ Nocera, Andrew (2005-07-30). "From Intel to Health Care to Beyond". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
  11. ^ Tedlow, Richard (2007). Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American Business Icon. Penguin Books. ISBN 9781591841821.
  12. ^ a b c d "Andrew Grove 1 of the 3 co-founders of Intel Corp" Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, CrownHeights.info, July 18, 2007.
  13. ^ "Andrew Grove". The New York Times. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  14. ^ "Andy Grove – A Király utcától a kaliforniai Sziliciumvölgyig". Szombat Online. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "1997 Technology Leader of the Year" Archived March 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, IndustryWeek, December 15, 1997.
  16. ^ "A kicsivel is beérte - Andrew S. Grove (1936–2016)". magyarnarancs.hu (in Hungarian). 2016-04-17. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  17. ^ "Fizikai Szemle 2002/2 - Marx György: Andrew S. Grove: SWIMMING ACROSS". www.epa.oszk.hu. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
  18. ^ "Andy Grove's Last Stand" 2018
  19. ^ Henderson, Harry. Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Infobase Publishing (2009), p. 218.
  20. ^ a b Grove, Andrew. Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices, John Wiley and Sons (1967)
  21. ^ "Intel's Long Awaited Return to the Memory Business". www.realworldtech.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  22. ^ "Former Intel CEO Andy Grove Dies at 79" Archived January 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Wall Street Journal, March 22, 2016.
  23. ^ a b c Ibarra, Herminia (April 11, 2016). "Intel's Andy Grove and the difference between good and bad fear". Financial Times. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  24. ^ Grove, Andrew. Only the Paranoid Survive, Doubleday (1996).
  25. ^ Byman, Jeremy. Andrew Grove and the Intel Corporation, Morgan Reynolds (1999), p. 65.
  26. ^ a b "What I've Learned: Andy Grove" Archived January 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Esquire, May 1, 2000
  27. ^ a b Burgelman, Robert A. (March 23, 2016). "Remembering Andy Grove, the Teacher". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved February 5, 2023. By 2016, concepts such as "strategic inflection point" and "strategic dissonance" have become part of the lexicon both in academia and in practice.
  28. ^ a b Burgelman, Robert A.; Grove, Andrew (1995). "Strategic Dissonance". Stanford Graduate School of Business. Stanford University. Retrieved February 5, 2023. Strategic inflection points generate strategic dissonance in the organization because they are associated with divergences between the basis of competition and the firm's distinctive competence, and between top management's strategic intent and strategic action.
  29. ^ Grove, Andy (August 9, 1998). "Academy of Management, Annual Meeting". Intel Keynote Transcript. Intel. Retrieved February 6, 2023. They have to bring you bad news and be Cassandras against the senior management, against the fear of management of repercussions.
  30. ^ Schmitt, Christopher H. (May 26, 1986). "At work with the valley's toughest boss, Intel's Andy Grove". The Mercury News. Retrieved February 6, 2023. He likens himself to a coach, whose job is to get a job done, and not necessarily to win any popularity contests. "Coaches are not known to be coddling their players, but they do it for a purpose," he said. "When it comes to certain things, I'm not very easy-going."
  31. ^ Batista, Ed (April 10, 2022). "Andy Grove on the Right Kind of Fear". EdBatista.com. Ed Batista. Retrieved February 5, 2023. Andy Grove believed that a particular kind of fear can actually play a productive role in organizational life--the fear of losing.
  32. ^ Rozenzweig, Phil (2014). The Halo Effect: How Managers let Themselves be Deceived. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781471137167.
  33. ^ Goldstein, Ken. "The Many Lessons of Andy Grove" Archived April 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Good Men Project, April 26, 2016.
  34. ^ Silverthorne, Sean (October 29, 2006). "The History and Influence of Andy Grove". Harvard Business School. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  35. ^ Tobak, Steve (June 18, 2010). "Great Leaders Work in Cubicles". CBSnews.com. CBS News. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  36. ^ a b Doerr, John (2018). Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 9780525536239.
  37. ^ a b Doerr, John (2018). Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 12. ISBN 9780525536239.
  38. ^ Doerr, John (2018). Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 33. ISBN 9780525536239.
  39. ^ Doerr, John (2018). Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9780525536239.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Grove, Andrew. "How to Make an American Job Before It's Too Late: Andy Grove", Bloomberg News, July 1, 2010 – Memento from Internet-Archive Archive.org of July 4th, 2010
  41. ^ "Former Intel CEO Chairman Andrew Grove Dies at 79" Archived March 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Fox Business, March 22, 2016.
  42. ^ "Andy Grove's Warning to Silicon Valley" The New York Times 26 March 2016
  43. ^ a b "High-Tech Chiefs Lobby Key Issues at Capitol Hill Hearing", Computerworld, June 12, 2000, p. 8.
  44. ^ a b c Koven, Steven G.; Gotzke, Frank. American Immigration Policy: Confronting the Nation's Challenges, Springer Science (2010), p. 81.
  45. ^ Best, Roger (2013). Market-Based Management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 195. ISBN 9780130387752.
  46. ^ Hershenson, Jay; Arena, Michael (October 28, 2005). "Intel's Grove gives $26 million to CCNY'S school of engineering". News Report. CUNY Newswire. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  47. ^ a b c "UCSF Mourns Loss of Andrew S. Grove (1936-2016)" Archived January 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, UCSF, April 1, 2016.
  48. ^ "Remembering Andrew Grove, IRC Overseer and champion of refugees" Archived April 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Rescue.org, March 30, 2016.
  49. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients". The City College of New York. 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  50. ^ gazetteimport (2000-06-08). "Eleven to receive honorary degrees at Commencement". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  51. ^ Kandell, Jonathan (March 22, 2016). "Andrew S. Grove Dies at 79; Intel Chief Spurred Semiconductor Revolution". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  52. ^ The Heinz Awards, Andrew Grove profile Archived December 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  53. ^ Strategic Management Society – Home Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ "IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  55. ^ CEO of the year 1997 Archived 2016-04-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ^ "David Packard Medal of Achievement — Previous Winners (1959 to Present)". TechAmerica Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  57. ^ "IEEE Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Recognition Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2010.

Further reading

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Primary sources

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  • Grove, Andy. "Andy grove: How america can create jobs." Business Week, July 1 (2010): 2010. Online
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Business positions
Preceded by CEO, Intel
1987–1998 		Succeeded by
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