The Amir Chakhmaq Complex (Persian: مجموعه میدان امیرچخماق, romanized: Majmūʿa Meydân Amir Čaqmaq; also Romanized Chakhmaq, Chakmaq, Chakhmagh, Chakmak) is a prominent structure in Yazd, Iran, noted for its symmetrical sunken alcoves.[1] It is a mosque located on a square of the same name. It also contains a caravanserai, a tekyeh, a bathhouse, a cold water well, and a confectionery.[2] At night, the building is lit up after twilight hours after sun set with orange lighting in the arched alcoves which makes it a spectacle.[3] During the Iran–Iraq War and the Iraq wars with the United States and Afghanistan, many Iraqis and Afghanis came to inhabit the Amir Chakhmaq Square.[2]
| Amir Chakhmaq Complex | |
|---|---|
مجموعه میدان امیرچخماق | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Caravanserai |
| Architectural style | Timurid Empire |
| Location | Yazd, Yazd Province,  Iran |
| Coordinates | 31°53′38″N 54°22′10″E / 31.893812°N 54.369466°E |
| Construction started | Timurid Empire |
| Client | Jalal ed-Din Amir Chakhmaq Shami |
Geography
editThe complex is located on a square of the same name, named after Amir Jalaleddin Chakhmaq, a governor of Yazd during the Timurid dynasty (15th–16th century CE). Separate living areas for Iraqis and Afghanis are nearby.[4] The complex is situated opposite what was the Yazd Water Museum.[5]
The mosque
editThe Amir Chakhmaq mosque (Persian: مسجد امیرچخماق), also known as Dahouk mosque (Persian: مسجد دهوک), is a historical mosque in the complex from the Timurid era in Yazd, in Iran. It was built on orders of Jalal ed-Din Amir Chakhmaq Shami, who was the governor of Yazd and a general of Shahrukh Mirza. The mosque was completed in 1438.
During the era of Fath Ali Shah, Hossein Attar added a part to its shabestan and restored some parts of the mosque.[6]
Architecture and fittings
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The prominent structure has a three-storey elaborate façade of symmetrical sunken arched alcoves.[3][5][1] It is one of the largest hussainia in Iran.[7] In the centre are two very tall minarets.[3] The spiral staircase in one of the two minarets is said to create a feeling of claustrophobia, while it provides views of Yazd.[3] At night, the building is lit up with orange lighting in the alcoves which makes it a spectacle. The complex also contains a caravanserai, a tekyeh, a bathhouse, a cold water well, and a confectionery.[8] The bathhouse, in the front of the building is around 600 years old.[8] Only the first floor above the ground level is accessible.
The complex includes the three-storey tekyeh which used to commemorate the death of Hussein ibn Ali.[9] In the corner of the tekyeh, there is a nakhl, described as a "strong, wooden object with very large metal fixtures and studs".[10] It was venerated during the Shiite commemoration festival of Ashura.[7]
History
editAmir-Chaghmaq Square, according to Dr. Vahdat Zad, an architectural historian who has worked extensively on the spatial aspects of the square, was built in the 15th century by Jalal-al-Din Amir-Chakhmaq, the governor of Yazd in the Timurid era. This square was established on the north side of an important mosque called the Old Mosque, known today as Amir Chakhmaq mosque. According to Vahdat Zad, "the mosque was also founded by Amir-Chakhmaq between 1418 and 1438. The same year the mosque was inaugurated, Haj Qanbar Jahanshahi, who was the subsequent governor, constructed a bazaar and caravanserai at the sides of the square".[11]
Many parts of the complex deteriorated until the 18th century in the Safavid era, when Bahador Khan Shams Yousef Meibodi renovated some parts and reconstructed the caravanserai in the same location.[12] The complex again encountered erosion until the late 19th century.
Most of the changes in Amir-Chakhmagh Square were implemented during the modernization period of Reza Shah. By completing Pahlavi Street in 1935, the northern part of the square, which connected it with the Bazaar, was demolished. It seems the caravanserai was demolished at the same time in order to develop the square in a more orderly rectangular shape.[13]
Notably, the demolition of the square, as Vahdat Zad argues, "had nothing to do with the establishment of Soraya Street in 1943. It more likely occurred when Shah Street and Soraya Street were connected in the late 1950s. Nothing remained of the square then, except the Tekyeh. The municipality even tried to demolish the Tekyeh when one of the soffehs collapsed, but the archaeology office resisted strongly. Instead, they filled the two arcades at both sides in 1963 to prevent further drag".[11]
Gallery
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Amir Chakhmaq Complex at night -
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Nakhl Gardani in Amir Chakhmaq Complex, Yazd, 2017. -
Nakhl Gardani in Amir Chakhmaq Complex, Yazd, 2017.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Amir Chakhmaq Complex". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ a b Karber 2012, p. 385.
- ^ a b c d Garrod 2010, p. 474.
- ^ Karber 2012, p. 223.
- ^ a b Coote 2012, p. 289.
- ^ دانشنامۀ تاریخ معماری ایران‌شهر. p. 61. %D9%85%7C. Archived from the original on 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
- ^ a b Burke, Maxwell & Shearer 2012, p. 440.
- ^ a b "600-year-old bathhouse reburied in Yazd, Iran". Payvand Iran News. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ Lonely Planet 2006, p. 219.
- ^ AARP 1979, p. 40.
- ^ a b Vahdat Zad, Vahid (January 1, 2011). Glanville, Ranulph; Sweeting, Ben (eds.). "Geometric reconstruction of Amir-Chakhmagh Square through backward-perspective". Kybernetes. 40 (7/8): 1166–1178. doi:10.1108/03684921111160395 – via Emerald Insight.
- ^ وحيد, وحدت زاده (January 1, 1387). "ريخت شناسي فضاهاي شهري با اعمال اصول پرسپكتيو مطالعه موردي: ميدان شاه و ميدان اميرچخماق در يزد". 17 (47): 79–90 – via www.sid.ir.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ وحيد, وحدت زاد (January 1, 1386). "تاملي بر شهرسازي دوره پهلوي اول (مطالعه موردي: شهر يزد)" (31): 5–14 – via www.sid.ir.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
- Bibliography
- AARP (1979). Art and Archaeology Research Papers. AARP.
- Burke, Andrew; Maxwell, Virginia; Shearer, Iain (1 June 2012). Lonely Planet Iran. Lonely Planet Iran. ISBN 978-1-74321-320-9.
- Coote, Tom (2012). Tearing up the Silk Road. Garnet Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85964-302-0.
- Garrod, Pat (1 December 2010). Bearback: The World Overland. Troubador Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84876-514-6.
- Karber, Phil (18 June 2012). Fear and Faith in Paradise: Exploring Conflict and Religion in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-1479-8.
- Lonely Planet (April 2006). Middle East. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 9781740599283.