Iskandar-Khan Setkhanian (1865–1953), also known as Alexander Khan Setkhanian, was an Iranian general, the Chief of Staff of the Cossack Brigade, a Commander in the Iranian Imperial Army.[1]
Iskandar-Khan | |
|---|---|
 Alexander Khan, Government Portrait | |
| Sarhang | |
| In office 1887–1891 | |
| Sarhang Adjutant | |
| In office 1892–1893 | |
| Brigadier General, Persian Cossack Brigade | |
| In office 1900–1914 | |
| Chief of Staff, Persian Cossack Brigade | |
| In office 1915–1916 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1865 |
| Died | 1953 |
| Parent(s) | Tsatur Khan (father) Lady Ninon Hovnatanyan (mother) |
| Awards | .svg){kind=small} Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Imperial Iranian Army Imperial Russian Army |
| Rank | Arteshbod |
Early life
editIskandar-Khan was born to General Tsatur Khan and Lady Ninon Hovnatanyan. His paternal grandfather was Ambassador Set Khan Astvatsatourian, and his maternal grandfather was Hakob Hovnatanyan.[2] His father chose the Russian general consul in Tabriz, General Stupyn, as Iskandar's Godfather.[1]
While on a diplomatic mission to Russia, Tsatur Khan had promised Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich that he would send his son to be educated in the Russian Empire. Iskandar's father kept that promise in 1878 and sent Iskandar to study at the military academy in Tbilisi, Georgia.[3] Before departing, Iskandar mastered Persian and Armenian at the Armenian school in Tabriz. In Georgia, he mastered both Russian and French as well, and learned military sciences and Cossack Cavalry tactics. After completing his studies, Iskandar travelled to Moscow to finish his higher education. There he became a naturalized citizen of the Russian Empire.[2]
Military career
editAfter completing his military education in Moscow, Iskandar returned to Tabriz in 1887 where he immediately entered the Persian military with the rank of Sarhang. After four years of serving in the military at this rank, Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar promoted him to the rank of Sarhang Adjutant in 1892. Iskandar then went to Tehran in 1894 to join the Persian Cossack Brigade. By 1900, Iskandar-Khan had risen to the rank of General of the Brigade, and in 1915, Iskandar became Chief of Staff. In 1916, Iskandar-Khan retired from the Brigade after more than a quarter of a century of service.[4] After his retirement, Reza Khan, who served him under him at the time, was promoted to Sartip and placed in charge of a regiment in Tehran.[5]
Iranian Constitutional Revolution
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Under orders from the Shah, Iskandar commanded a division surrounding the Majles. After bombarding parliament, Tehran was placed under martial law by the Brigade. For remaining loyal during the revolution,Iskandar was promoted to Amir Tuman, meaning commander of thousands, the highest rank under the Commander of the Brigade. When asked why he participated in the event, one of the most infamous in Iranian history, Iskandar responded, "I am a soldier, not a politician; my loyalty is to the Brigade and to the Shah."[1]
The Brigade strongly opposed the subsequent appointment of William Morgan Shuster as Treasurer-General of Persia, who was working with Nationalist forces to forcefully collect taxes on behalf of the Americans, as well as seizing the estates of dissenters. The Brigade intimated Shuster to such an extent that the Majles finally had him dismissed in 1911. The Brigade helped to bring about the downfall of the Majles, effectively ending the era of Constitutional Revolution.[2]
1921 Coup d'état
editAfter General Edmund Ironside encouraged Reza Khan to stage a coup against the Qajar government in 1921, Iskandar was approached by his colleagues to consider opposing Reza Khan. Iskandar had been fond of Reza while Reza was a soldier under his command for two years, and had developed a close relationship with him. Reza Khan was often seen around the Davidkhanian mansion during those years. Iskandar chose not to oppose his takeover.[2]
As April approached following the coup, Iskandar had still not pledged his loyalty to the new Shah. Iskandar invited him to the Davidkhanian family mansion on Khiaban-e Sepah, where he had Cossacks guarding him and his family. On Reza Khan's orders, he and Iskandar were let alone to discuss the future in private. The two walked the garden of the estate, and began to circumnavigate the pond. Halfway around the pond, Iskandar stopped walking, and Reza Khan put his arm around the older general's shoulder, and continued to walk. Five years later, Reza Khan crowned himself king of Iran, establishing the Pahlavi dynasty.[2]
Personal life
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In 1894, Iskandar married Maryam Davidkhanian, the daughter of another General, Martiros Khan Davidkhanian.[1] Iskandar had 6 sons Koorush Astavat Azizi-far and Darius Hossein Azizi-far among those that are known, Koorush and Darius had their surnames were changed for political purposes. He also had a grandson in Hossein Khezri Azizi-far, again a different surname for political purposes as Koorush (his father) was assassinated. Iskandar also had 1 daughter. In his retirement, Iskandar maintained the Hammam-e Amir that Martiros Khan Davidkhanian had erected behind the Davidkhanian mansion for the Armenians of Iran, as well as took part in hunting, fishing, and fine woodworking.[6] During this period, Alexander also spent time at the Soviet embassy in Tehran since diplomatic relations had been restored in 1920, maintaining friendships with the Ambassador and other members of the Soviet diplomatic mission.[2]
Death
editIskandar-Khan died in 1953. Following his death, a vast crowd of mourners crowded Tehran’s Armenian church to pay respects to him. Among the mourners were numerous government officials and military officers representing the Pahlavi regime. A military spokesman reportedly apologized to the family for the small number of officials in attendance, explaining that the current political turmoil in the wake of the CIA-engineered coup d’état made their attendance difficult.[2]
Following the service, government officials and military officers gathered outside to praise the virtues of a man who had served his country under four Qajar Shahs, and whose family had served the country for more than a century. The homage paid to the retired general was a reflection of the high esteem in which he was held for a lifetime of service to the country, during which he had directly participated in significant events that had paved the way for the governing regime.[1]
His casket was covered in the Iranian flag and carried on the shoulders of a military honor guard. The streets leading to the cemetery were lined with hundreds of uniformed soldiers.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Navasargian, Alice (2012). The Immortals.
- ^ a b c d e f g Zia-Ebrahimi, Reza (2017-01-31). "David N. Yaghoubian. Ethnicity, Identity, and the Development of Nationalism in Iran". The American Historical Review. 122 (1): 276–277. doi:10.1093/ahr/122.1.276. ISSN 0002-8762.
- ^ Burke, Edmund; Yaghoubian, David Nejde (2006). Struggle and survival in the modern Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24661-6. OCLC 489000386.
- ^ Kazemzadeh. Russia and Britain in Persia. OCLC 426150808.
- ^ Ghani, Cyrus (2000). Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah: from Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. Bloomsbury.
- ^ Sanasarian, Eliz (2000). Religious minorities in Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-01769-3. OCLC 56336089.