Alexander Dalzeel[a] (died 1715) was a Scottish pirate and privateer who sailed in French service. Details on Dalzeel's early life - his career under pirate Henry Avery and exploits against the Spanish - appear only in Alexander Smith's 1720 collection "A Compleat history of the lives and robberies of the most notorious highwaymen,"[b] while his later activities are corroborated by newspaper accounts and trial records.
Early history (purported)
editBorn in Port Patrick, Scotland, Dalzeel went to sea as a child and, by the age of 23, was captain of his own ship with six successful voyages to his credit. Earning a reputation for dishonesty, Dalzeel arrived in Madagascar in 1685 and soon enlisted into the ranks of Captain Avery. According to pirate lore, Dalzeel participated in the capture of the treasure ship Ganj-i-Sawai, which carried The Great Mogul's daughter to her arranged marriage. Avery, who had decided to take her as his own wife, gave Dalzeel his own ship and crew within Avery's fleet. Dalzeel would continue to serve under Avery until finally leaving for the West Indies on his own.[1]
However, upon their arrival in the Caribbean, the pirates' search for targets was fruitless. With their supplies slowly running short, starvation began to set in before a Spanish vessel was sighted. As the ship came into view, Dalzeel realized the Spanish ship was a well-armed Spanish war galleon which had presumably become separated from its escorts. Despite their ship's smaller size, Dalzeel gave orders to close in on the ship. Although the Spanish ship's captain had been informed of the pirate ship's presence earlier, he felt it too small to be a threat and retired to his cabin for a game of cards. As the ship approached the galleon, Dalzeel ordered a hole to be drilled in the side of his own ship so that his crew would be forced to fight to the death. Caught completely off guard, the Spaniards offered little resistance as Dalzeel's crew boarded the galleon. Within minutes the ship was theirs and, storming into the captain's quarters, they demanded his surrender at gunpoint.[1]
After sailing his prize to Jamaica, Dalzeel was apprehended while attempting to capture a fleet of twelve Spanish pearl ships escorted by a Spanish man-o-war. In exchange for his surrender, Dalzeel and his crew were not forced into slavery or hard labor, as was common practice for captured pirates. Released ashore, Dalzeel made his way back to Jamaica. There he began outfitting another ship and was soon sailing for Cuba. Again his outnumbered crew was captured by a Spanish naval patrol of three warships bound for Havana, where he was sentenced to be hanged at sea. Dalzeel, however, quickly made his escape after stabbing a guard and using two empty jugs to float to shore. Soon encountering another band of pirates, Dalzeel was able to convince them to attack and successfully capture the warship which had held him prisoner. As the pirates neared Jamaica, their ship sank in a sudden storm although Dalzeel was able to survive the storm in a canoe.[1]
Later history
editDuring the War of the Spanish Succession, Dalzeel commanded the vessel Agrippa and was granted a commission by the French as a privateer.[2] A Jacobite, Dalzeel sailed under the banner of James Stuart, who had fled to France after his father James II was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution.[3] He enjoyed considerable success against British and allied nations before his eventual capture. Taken back to England, he was tried and convicted in 1712 of treason and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered.[4] However, at the behest of the Earl of Mar, Dalzeel received a royal pardon. Upon his release he sailed for French waters, where he captured a French ship near Le Havre. He then had the captured crew's necks tied to their heels and thrown overboard to watch them drown. Eventually captured in Scotland,[c] he was returned to London, tried and convicted of piracy.[4]
Paul Lorrain ministered to the imprisoned Dalzeel and found him "a pernicious and dangerous person; of a morose, stubborn, and ill disposition by nature," and "so brutish and so obstinate that he would not be satisfied with anything I offered to him in this matter, saying, he hated to see my face, and would not attend in the Chapel."[5] Lorrain had acted as translator at Dalzeel's trial, presenting evidence in French for the English court. Because of this, Dalzeel blamed Lorrain for his sentence: "[Dalzeel] with his dying breath declared that I was the cause of his death, and he would do me some mischief or other before he died, or haunt me afterwards."[6] Dalzeel even threatened to kick Lorrain down the stairs and tear up the Bible Lorrain had offered him. He later apologized and asked forgiveness, but "whether that repentance was sincere, and not too late, was much to be doubted."[6]
Dalzeel was hanged on 15 December 1715.[6]
See also
edit- Nathaniel Grubing and John Golden, two English Jacobite pirates who, like Dalzeel, sailed under French commissions
Notes
edit- ^ Last name alternately Dalzeel, Dalziel, Dolzell, or Dolzel.
- ^ Smith's criminal biographies were often reprinted with slightly different titles and lists of articles. They were sometimes attributed to Charles Johnson, the pseudonymous author of A General History of the Pyrates, whose pirate biographies are often mixed with Smith's in reprints. See here for an example.
- ^ Dalzeel was arrested while trying to arrange passage to Sweden to serve as a privateer in Swedish service, as had fellow Jacobite pirate John Norcross.[3]
References
edit- ^ a b c Smith, Alexander (1720). A Compleat history of the lives and robberies of the most notorious highwaymen, ... for above an hundred years past. ... To which is prefix'd the Thieves new Canting-Dictionary. ... The fifth edition. (The third volume of the compleat history of the lives, robberies, piracies and murders committed ... from the time of Edward the Confessor, ... with the thieves Grammar.). London: S. Briscoe. pp. 64–77. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ Murdoch, Steve (2010). The Terror of the Seas: Scottish Maritime Warfare 1513-1713. Boston: BRILL. p. 309. ISBN 9789004185685. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ a b Fox, E.T. (December 2010). "Jacobitism and the "Golden Age" of Piracy, 1715–1725". International Journal of Maritime History. 22 (2): 277–303. doi:10.1177/084387141002200212. S2CID 162372700.
- ^ a b Downie, Robert (2005). The Way of the Pirate: Who's Who in Davy Jones' Locker. New York: ibooks. pp. 80-81. ISBN 9781416504160. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ Cordingly, David (2013). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. New York: Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307763075. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
- ^ a b c Newgate, Ordinary Of (1745). A Select and Impartial Account of the lives, behaviour, and dying-words of the most remarkable Convicts, from the year 1700 ... The second edition, corrected and enlarged. London: Charles Marsh. pp. 172–175. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
Further reading
edit- Smith, Alexander. "A Compleat history of the lives and robberies of the most notorious highwaymen." London: S. Briscoe, 1720.