Alepes is a genus containing five extant species of tropical marine fishes in the jack family, Carangidae. They are commonly known as scads, a term applied to many genera of carangid fishes. Their body form, however, differs from these other scads by being much more ovate in shape, more similar to the larger jacks taken as game fish, although scads are generally much smaller. They are found in coastal waters throughout the Indo-West Pacific region.
| Alepes | |
|---|---|
| |
| Razorbelly scad | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Carangiformes |
| Family: | Carangidae |
| Subfamily: | Caranginae |
| Genus: | Alepes Swainson, 1839 |
| Type species | |
| Trachinus melanoptera, Swainson, 1839 | |
| Species | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Taxonomy and phylogeny
editAlepes is a genus containing five extant and one extinct species. It is part of the jack family, the Carangidae are part of the order Carangiformes.[3] Recent phylogenetic studies using molecular information have placed Alepes in the subfamily Caranginae (or the tribe Carangini).[4] The most comprehensive study suggests the genus is basal to all other 'scads' and 'horse mackerels' of the genera Trachurus, Decapterus, and Selar, whilst still being closely affiliated with larger members of Caranginae such as Caranx.[5]
Alepes was first created in 1839 by the English naturalist William John Swainson, after he initially proposed it to be a subgenus of Trachinus, which he had created to accommodate Trachinus melanoptera, a species he had just described.[6] Trachinus was invalid, however, as it was already in use for a genus of weevers. This makes A. melanoptera the type species of the genus. The other species currently placed in Alepes were not directly classified in the genus, but were transferred from other, often distantly related genera. Many of these species have numerous junior synonyms.[7] "Alepes" comes from the Greek word alepis, 'without scales'.[8]
A single species has been identified from the fossil record; Alepes pin (Bannikov, 1985), described from the Lower Miocene in eastern Crimean Oblast. This area was once part of the Indian Ocean which extended well into Europe at the time.[9]
Species
editThere are currently five recognized species in this genus:[10]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alepes apercna E. M. Grant, 1987 | Smallmouth scad | Australian waters, inhabiting the tropical north from Exmouth Gulf in Western Australia, north to the Northern Territory and east to Wide Bay in Queensland. | |
_(43543204571).jpg) |
Alepes djedaba (Forsskål, 1775) | Shrimp scad | Tropical and subtropical western Indian Ocean and areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, including Japan and Australia to the north and south |
 |
Alepes kleinii (Bloch, 1793) | Razorbelly scad | Coastal waters in the Indo-Pacific, from Pakistan in the west to Japan and Australia in the east |
| Alepes melanoptera (Swainson, 1839) | Blackfin scad | Tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific region. | |
 |
Alepes vari (G. Cuvier, 1833) | Herring scad | Coastal regions throughout the Indo-West Pacific region |
Biology
edit
The species in Alepes are all relatively small fish, with the largest, A. vari, growing to 56 centimetres (22 in).[8] The other species are much more often encountered at sizes below 20 centimetres (8 in).[11] They have strongly compressed ovate to oblong shaped bodies, with fin arrangements much like the rest of the Carangidae. They have two dorsal fins, the first consisting of weak spines and the second of a single spine followed by a number of soft rays. The anal fin has two detached spines anterior to the main section which consists of one spine and a number of soft rays.[11] Their lateral lines have a moderate to strong anterior curve, with scutes present on the straight section of the lateral line. They are all a blue-green-grey above, fading to silvery white below. Only one, A. kleinni has bands or markings.[12]
The fish in Alepes are all predators, taking a range of crustaceans including copepods, decapods, prawns and shrimp, as well as small fish.[11] At least one species shows a change in feeding intensity over the period of a year.[13] The reproduction of most species is unstudied, except for A. kleinii. This species spawns on a single event over a period of a few months, releasing small transparent, pelagic eggs.[14] Natural spawning behavior in the genus is unknown.
Distribution and habitat
editThe members of Alepes are all distributed in the tropical to subtropical regions of the Indo-West Pacific region. Their ranges overlap along the Indian, Asian and Indonesian coastlines, although some are distributed as far south as South Africa and northern Australia, while others extend as far north as Japan.[8] Two species, A. djedaba and A. kleinii are known to inhabit the Red Sea, and have passed into the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal as part of the Lessepsian migration.[15] They are all coastal species, not found in the open ocean.
Relationship to humans
editThe species of Alepes are not of major commercial interest, although Alepes kleinii appears to be taken in substantial enough numbers in India to warrant extensive research. They are taken by a variety of fishing methods including hook and line, trawls and a variety of netting methods.[11] Their flesh is of good quality, and some regions regard various species as high quality and market them fresh, or dried and salted.[16] They are of no interest to recreational fishermen, although occasionally taken as bait or bycatch.
References
edit- ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Carangidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 380–387. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ Zhu, Shi-Hua; Zheng, Wen-Juan; Zou, Ji-Xing; Yang, Ying-Chun; Shen, Xi-Quan (2007). "Molecular phylogenetic relationship of Carangidae based on the sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Sinica. 53 (4): 641–650. Retrieved 2007-11-14. [dead link]
- ^ Reed, David L.; Carpenter, Kent E.; deGravelle, Martin J. (2002). "Molecular systematics of the Jacks (Perciformes: Carangidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3). USA: Elsevier Science: 513–524. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00036-2. PMID 12099802.
- ^ Swainson, W. (1839). The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. London: Spottiswoode & Co. pp. 176, 248.
- ^ Lin, Pai-Lei; Shao, Kwang-Tsao (April 10, 1999). "A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records". Zoological Studies. 38 (1): 33–68. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Alepes". FishBase. October 2007 version.
- ^ Bannikov, A.F. (1985). "A Find of the Genus Alepes: Teleoisti in the Miocene Crimean Oblast, Ukrainian-SSR USSR". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 1 (1): 101–107.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Alepes". FishBase. February 2013 version.
- ^ a b c d Carpenter, Kent E.; Niem, Volker H., eds. (2001). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) (PDF). Rome: FAO. p. 2684. ISBN 92-5-104587-9.
- ^ Randall, John E. (1995). Coastal Fishes of Oman. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-8248-1808-3.
- ^ Kalita, Binod; Jayabalan, N. (2000). "Food and feeding habits of the golden scad Caranx kalla (Cuv. & Val.) along Mangalore coast". Environment and Ecology. 18 (4): 869–873. ISSN 0970-0420.
- ^ Venkataramani, V.K.; Natarajan, R. (1984). "Breeding biology of carangid fishes Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch and Schn.) and Alepes kalla (Cuv. and Val.) along Porto Novo Coast". Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. 13 (1). New Delhi: 14–18. ISSN 0379-5136.
- ^ Adam, B.T. (1966). "Red Sea Fishes Recently Found in the Mediterranean". Copeia. 1966 (2): 254–275. doi:10.2307/1441133. JSTOR 1441133.
- ^ Davidson, Alan (2004). Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes. Ten Speed Press. p. 63. ISBN 1-58008-452-4.