Alejandro Lerroux García (4 March 1864, in La Rambla, Córdoba – 25 June 1949, in Madrid) was a Spanish politician who was the leader of the Radical Republican Party.[2] He served as Prime Minister three times from 1933 to 1935 and held several cabinet posts as well.[3] A highly charismatic politician, he was distinguished by his demagogical and populist political style.
Alejandro Lerroux | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Prime Minister of Spain | |
| In office 12 September 1933 – 9 October 1933 | |
| President | Niceto Alcalá Zamora |
| Preceded by | Manuel Azaña |
| Succeeded by | Diego Martínez Barrio |
| In office 16 December 1933 – 28 April 1934 | |
| President | Niceto Alcalá Zamora |
| Preceded by | Diego Martínez Barrio |
| Succeeded by | Ricardo Samper |
| In office 4 October 1934 – 25 September 1935 | |
| President | Niceto Alcalá-Zamora |
| Preceded by | Ricardo Samper |
| Succeeded by | Joaquín Chapaprieta |
| Member of the Congress of Deputies | |
| In office 8 December 1933 – 7 January 1936 | |
| Constituency | Valencia |
| In office 14 July 1931 – 9 October 1933 | |
| Constituency | Madrid |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Alejandro Lerroux García 4 March 1864 La Rambla, Córdoba, Spain |
| Died | 25 June 1949 (aged 85) Madrid, Spain |
| Political party | Radical Republican Party |
| Spouse | Teresa López |
| Children | Aurelio Lerroux (adoptive) |
| Parent |
|
| Occupation | Lawyer |
Biography
editHe was initiated as Freemason around 1886 in Madrid's Vetonica lodge of the Grand Orient of Spain, but his activity was limited, among other reasons due to his disillusion with the prospects this membership offered to his immediate purposes.[4]
Lerroux agitated as a young man in the ranks of the radical republicans, as a follower of Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla. He practised a demagogic and aggressive journalistic style in the diverse publications that he directed (El País, El Progreso, El Intransigente and El Radical).
From the 1890s onwards Lerroux radicalized his discourse.[5] His populist and anticlerical speeches, as well as his intervention in diverse campaigns against the governments of the Restoration, made him very popular among workers in Barcelona, who later constituted the base of a loyal electorate. A prominent anti-catalanist, he became known as the "Emperor of the Paralelo".[6] In 1898 and 1899, he organized through his newspapers a campaign for the judicial review of the Montjuic trial in which forced confessions through torture had led to the execution of some of the suspects for the 1896 Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing. This contributed to his rise as a left-wing political force in Barcelona.[7]
In 1906, Lerroux rallied his followers with the following exhortation: "Young barbarians of today: enter and sack the decadent civilization of this unhappy country, destroy its temples, finish off its gods, tear the veil from its novices and raise them up to be mothers to virilize the species, break into the records of property and make bonfires of its papers that fire may purify the infamous social organization. Enter its humble hearths and raise the legions of proletarians that the world may tremble before their awakened judges. Do not be stopped by altars nor by tombs. Fight, kill, die."[6][8][9]
He was elected as a member of the Congress of Deputies for the first time in 1901 and again in 1903 and 1905, as a member of the Republican Union Party that he had helped to form with Nicolás Salmerón. The defection of Salmerón to the Catalan Solidarity coalition in 1906 led Lerroux to form the Radical Republican Party (1908) and headed the struggle against increasing Catalan nationalism. There is some evidence that both Francisco Ferrer and Lerroux may have participated in the hatching of two different plots to assassinate king Alfonso XIII in 1905 and 1906.[5] He had to go into exile on several occasions, first to escape condemnation dictated by one of his articles (1907) and later fleeing from governmental repression in response to the Tragic Week in Barcelona (1909).
After returning to Spain, Lerroux agreed to join the Republican–Socialist Conjunction, and he was elected as a deputy again in 1910. Afterwards, he was involved in a series of scandals that moved him away from his Barcelona electorate, with corruption accusations forcing him into a change of district, appearing for Córdoba in 1914). From 1919 he was on the payroll of Barcelona Traction, part of the Anglo-Canadian Traction, Light, and Power Company.[10]
Under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–30), his party was debilitated when its left-wing, led by Marcelino Domingo, left to form the Radical Socialist Republican Party in 1929. However, he continued to be active in politics, attending the revolutionary committee that produced the Pact of San Sebastián with the intention of overthrowing King Alfonso XIII and proclaiming a republic.
Second Republic
editUnder the republican regime, Lerroux regained a leading political role, being appointed prime minister three times between and occupying the distinguished ministerial portfolios.
He was part of the coalition of leftists that supported the reforms of Manuel Azaña's government during the first biennium (1931–1933), during which time he served as Minister of State between 14 April 1931 and 16 December 1931. From 12 September to 9 October 1933, he was Prime Minister.
After the victory of the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) in the elections of autumn 1933, Lerroux again became prime minister, mainly because the President did not wish to appoint CEDA leader José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. As such, he served from 16 December 1933 to 28 April 1934 and again from 4 October 1934 to 25 September 1935. He also served as minister of war (1934), state (1935) and foreign affairs (1935).
After the attempted revolution of October 1934, he fell out of favor due to the Straperlo affair (a case of corruption bound to gambling legalization), which completely broke his alliance with the right and even weakened his position within the party.[11] This was followed by the Nombela scandal, where he participated actively by signing a contract paying a private company 3 million pesetas to perform a cancelled route, leading to his further discreditment.[12]
In the elections of 1936, Lerroux was not elected as a deputy. The same year, the Spanish Civil War broke out and he fled to Portugal. He returned to Spain in 1947.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ López Castillo, Antonio (2008). El republicanismo Almeriense durante la segunda república (1931-1936) (in Spanish). Universidad de Almería. p. 389. ISBN 9788482408675. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
- ^ Cowans, Jon (2003). Modern Spain: a documentary history. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-8122-3717-X.
- ^ Geneall, Alejandro Lerroux y García
- ^ Guerra Gómez, Amparo (1996). "Alejandro Lerroux: La Masonería como oportunidad". La masonería en la España del Siglo XX. Vol. 1. Cuenca: Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha & Cortes de Castilla-La Mancha. p. 273. ISBN 84-89492-41-7.
- ^ a b Smith, Angel (2007). Anarchism, Revolution, and Reaction: Catalan Labour and the Crisis of the Spanish State, 1898-1923. New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-84545-176-9.
- ^ a b Brenan, Gerald (2009) [1943]. The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-521-39827-5.
- ^ Smith, Angel (2007). Anarchism, revolution and reaction : catalan labor and the crisis of the spanish state, 1898-1923. Berghahn Books. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-1-84545-176-9. OCLC 470992692.
- ^ Corts i Blay, Ramon (2009). La Setmana Tràgica de 1909: l'Arxiu Secret Vaticà. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. p. 214. ISBN 978-84-9883-144-3.
- ^ Ríos Carratalá, Juan Antonio (2011). Hojas volanderas: Periodistas y escritores en tiempos de República. Publicaciones Universidad de Alicante & Editorial Renacimiento. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-84-8472-892-4.
- ^ Preston, Paul. A People Betrayed. William Collins. London. 2020. p.111
- ^ Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. 2003. p.140
- ^ Gil Pecharromán, Julio (1997). La Segunda República. Esperanzas y frustraciones. Madrid: Historia 16. p. 98. ISBN 84-7679-319-7.
- ^ Langdon-Davies, John (1936). Behind the Spanish Barricades: Reports from the Spanish Civil War. Reportage Press. ISBN 9780955572944.
External links
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