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Great Malvern Priory

(Redirected from Aldwyn of Malvern)
Not to be confused with Little Malvern Priory.

Great Malvern Priory in Malvern, Worcestershire, England, was a Benedictine monastery (c. 1075 – 1540) and is now an Anglican parish church. In 1949 it was designated a Grade I listed building.[1] It is a dominant building in the Great Malvern Conservation area. It has the largest display of 15th-century stained glass in England,[2] as well as carved misericords from the 15th and 16th century and the largest collection of medieval floor and wall tiles. In 1860 major restoration work was carried out by Sir George Gilbert Scott. It is also the venue for concerts and civic services.

Great Malvern Priory
Great Malvern Priory
Map
52°06′37.72″N 2°19′42.92″W / 52.1104778°N 2.3285889°W / 52.1104778; -2.3285889
LocationChurch Street, Malvern, Worcestershire WR14 2AY
CountryEngland
DenominationChurch of England
ChurchmanshipOpen Evangelical with Choral Tradition
Websitewww.greatmalvernpriory.org.uk Edit this at Wikidata
History
StatusActive
DedicationSaint Mary and Saint Michael
Architecture
Heritage designationGrade I
Designated30 November 1949[1]
Administration
ProvinceCanterbury
DioceseWorcester
ParishMalvern
Clergy
Vicar(s)In vacancy
Laity
Organist/Director of musicPiers Maxim

History

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See also: History of Worcestershire

Early history

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An ancient carved head and shoulders similar to the Lustymore Island figure on Boa Island, County Fermanagh, was excavated from the grounds of the Priory. It is now housed in St Ann's Chapel. A Celt (a prehistoric axe-like tool) was also excavated during the 18th Century.[3]

 
An ancient carved head and shoulders was excavated from the grounds of the Priory and is now housed in St Ann's Chapel.

Little is known about Malvern over the next thousand years until it is described as "... an hermitage, or some kind of religious house, for seculars, before the conquest, endowed by the gift of Edward the Confessor".[4] The additions to William Dugdale's Monasticon include an extract from the Pleas taken before the King at York in 1387, stating that there was a congregation of hermits at Malvern "some time before the conquest".[5] Several slightly different histories explain the actual founding of the religious community. Legend tells that the settlement began following the murder of St. Werstan, a monk of Deerhurst, who fled from the Danes and took refuge in the woods of Malvern where the above-mentioned hermitage had been established.[4][6][7] St Werstan's oratory is thought to have been located on the site of St Michael's Chapel which is believed to have stood on the site of Bello Sguardo, a Victorian Villa. Bello Sguardo was built on the site of Hermitage Cottage. The cottage was demolished in 1825 and ecclesiastical carvings were found within it. A Mediaeval undercroft, human bones and parts of a coffin were also uncovered.[8] Although the legend may be monastic mythology, historians have concluded that St. Werstan was the original martyr.[9]

Norman Conquest to the Dissolution

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Nave of Great Malvern Priory Church. The older round columns and rounded arches date from the early period. Much of what else remains, including the upper section of the nave, dates from the expansion in the years between 1440 and 1500.

During the reign of Edward the Confessor, Saint Wulfstan, the Bishop of Worcester, encouraged a hermit named Aldwyn to become the first Prior of Malvern Priory.[10] The monastery was in what was then the wilderness of Malvern Chase. According to the Worcester Monastic Annals, this work began in 1085.[11] An ancient stained glass window[12] in the Priory church depicts the legend of St. Werstan, with details of his vision, the consecration of his chapel, Edward the Confessor granting the charter for the site, and Werstan's martyrdom.[2]

Aldwyn was succeeded by Walcher of Malvern, an astronomer and philosopher from Lorraine.[13] Walcher's tomb lid was rescued from burial at the site of the South Transept cloister garth c. 1711. It is now housed in St Anne's chapel. The inscription on the lid reads:

Philosophus bonus dignus Astrologus lotharingus, Vir pius et humilis, Monachus prior hujus ovilis Hic jacet in cista Geometricus et Abacista, Doctor Walcherus. Flet plebs, dolet undique clerus. Huic lux prima mori Dedit Octobris seniori; Vivat ut in coelis Exoret quisque fidelis. MCXXXV.

A good philosopher, a worthy Astrologer of Lorraine, A pious and humble man, the prior monk of this fold, Here lies in a casket, a geometer skilled in the abacus, Doctor Walcher. The people weeps, the cleric grieves everywhere. To him, our elder, the first day of October brought death; That he should live in heaven may every faithful soul pray. 1135.[14]

The priory was built for thirty monks on land belonging to Westminster Abbey.[15] A charter from Henry I in 1128 AD refers to Great Malvern Priory as 'the Priory of St. Mary'. In 1154–1156, Westminster Abbey obtained a Papal bull from Pope Adrian IV which confirms a strong dependency of the priory of St Mary, Malvern, on the Abbey of Westminster.

An 18th-century document in the Worcester County Record Office states that in the 18th year of King William's reign (1083?), the priory was dedicated to St Mary the Virgin.[16] Within the Victorian History of the Counties of England: A History of Worcester, edited by W. Page, there is an account of the foundation of the monastery in Bishop Guilford's Register of 1283. It describes how hermit Aldwyn petitioned Urse d'Abetot, the Earl of Gloucester, for the original site (of the Priory) in the wood, and land "as far as Baldeyate"; that he collected monks, and adopted the Rule of St. Benedict; dedicating the monastery to the Virgin Mary – but occasionally under patronage of both St. Mary & St. Michael.[17]

On the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1541, local people raised £20 to buy the building to replace their decaying parish church.[18]

Modern renaissance

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Window, commemorating Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, designed by Thomas Camm and made under the auspices of R. W. Winfield & Co

By 1788 the Priory had fallen into disrepair. It was partly restored in 1812 and again in 1816, 1834 and 1841. A careful restoration was carried out in 1860 under the direction of Sir George Gilbert Scott, the famous architect, who also designed the roof of the nave in imitation of the medieval original.[19]

Present day

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The church has around 314 on the parochial council electoral roll. Services are a mixture of traditional elements with some modern elements. The choir is well established. There are several active groups for children and young people. The church sponsors several "Mission Partners".

The current incumbent is The Revd Rod Corke, who is the Vicar of Malvern. A past incumbent was the Christian writer Anthony C. Deane.

The building was given Grade I listed status, protecting it from unauthorised modifications or demolition.[1]

Architecture

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Medieval stained glass windows at Great Malvern Priory.

The present building dates from 1085, with mainly 15th-century structure, floor, and wall tiles. Extensions to the original Norman architecture church began around 1440 in the Perpendicular style[20] and work continued until 1502.[11] The great square central tower is very similar to that of the nearby Gloucester Cathedral; it was built by the same masons. It was redesigned in Perpendicular style by Sir Reginald Bray and has a very plain interior. The chancel is also Perpendicular in style, and contains the monument of John Knotsford (died 1589), a participant in the dissolution of the former monastic foundation. It is largely thanks to his patronage that the church, and particularly its medieval glass, survived so well.

Windows

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The fine collection of stained glass ranges from medieval to modern, and includes 15th century and 19th century windows. The north transept window, depicting the Coronation of St. Mary, was a gift from Henry VII in 1501, and another from the Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III.

Interior

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Monuments

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The monuments include a recumbent figure of a knight dating from 1200 and an alabaster altar tomb with effigies to John Knottesford (1589), his wife Jane and their daughter, Anne. Within the sacristy are several heraldic floor stones dedicated to the Lygon family. St Ann's Chapel houses the tomb lid of Walcher of Malvern, the second prior of Malvern.[19]

Organ

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The Nicholson organ dating from 1879, restored/rebuilt 1927, 1977, 2003

The organ is by Nicholson of Malvern from 1879, but was heavily rebuilt and restored by Rushworth and Dreaper in 1927 and 1977. It was further overhauled by Nicholson in 2003 and is a Certified Historic Organ.[21] The specification of the organ is listed at the National Pipe Organ Register.[22]

Organists
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Misericords

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15th-century misericord depicting a Wyvern.
 
Medieval tiles at Great Malvern Priory.

The twenty-two 15th century misericords and twelve 19th-century misericords are divided into three subsets: a modern set that do not seem to follow a pattern, depictions of mythical beasts and representations of the Labours of the Months. It appears that some of the modern misericords replaced 5 of the labours, but this is still a useful record.[24]

It is possible that the same person who carved the misericords at Worcester Cathedral and St Mary's Church in Ripple, Worcestershire was responsible for the 15th-century misericords, as they bear more than a family resemblance.

Labours of the Month

  • NH-02 Swine-herd, dressed in the usual flat cap, doublet and hose, and pointed shoes, knocking down acorns. Representing October.
  • NH-06 Man with bag fastened to a strap over his shoulders with a seed container on his left. He is a seed-sower and represents March.
  • NB-01 Man seated at a table holding up a wine cup in each hand. Probably representing January.
  • NB-02 Man reaping or weeding. In his hands he holds two implements to tend the corn. Possibly representing April, June or August.
  • NB-04 Man with a scythe. Representing June.
  • NB-05 Smiling man carrying a bunch of grapes in his left hand and a basket in his right. Representing September.
  • SB-06 Man holding a large bunch of flowers in each hand. Representing May.

Medieval wall tiles

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Great Malvern Priory has a large collection of over a thousand Medieval wall tiles. The majority were made between 1453 and 1458.[25]

See also

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  •  
    View from the priory's cemetery (north-west).
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    Interior view, looking upwards.
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    Norman columns and west window.
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    Medieval stained glass window.
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    Older part of the nave
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    Westerly Millennium stained glass window.
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    Easterly Millennium stained glass window
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    Great Malvern Priory - winter view

Further reading

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  • Henry Card (1834), A Dissertation on the Antiquities of the Priory of Great Malvern, in Worcestershire, London: J.G. & F. Rivington, retrieved 15 July 2010
  • Chambers, John (1817), A General History of Malvern, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, retrieved 4 January 2010 Also published in 2008 by Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4367-2852-5
  • Rev. Anthony Charles Deane (1914), A Short Account of Great Malvern Priory Church, A History of the Monastery, and Description of the Fabric, with a Chapter on the Ancient Glass & Tiles, London: G. Bell & Sons, retrieved 15 July 2010
  • James Nott (1885), Some of the Antiquities of Moche Malverne (Great Malvern), including A History of the Ancient CHURCH and MONASTERY, Engravings of SEALS of the Convent, and the Publication of GRANTS and DOCUMENTS, and much other matter never before printed, Malvern: John Thompson, Church St.; Woods & Co., The Royal Library, retrieved 15 July 2010 (Note: this is the full title and sub-title of the book as found on the title page, displayed here to give a sense of the writing style while still being readable).
  • Louis Arthur Hamand, The Ancient Windows of Great Malvern Priory Church, Campfield Press, St. Albans, 1947.
  • Gordon McNeil Rushforth, Medieval Christian Imagery as Illustrated by the Painted Windows of Great Malvern Priory Church Worcestershire, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1947.
  • Heather Gilderdale Scott, Lay figures in sacred spaces: the 15th-century 'donor figures' at Great Malvern Priory, Worcestershire, The Journal of Stained Glass, 29, 12–23, 2005.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Historic England, "Priory Church of St Mary and St Michael, Church Street (1082794)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 1 April 2015
  2. ^ a b Brooks, Alan; Pevsner, Nikolaus (23 July 2007). Worcestershire: The Buildings of England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11298-6.
  3. ^ Garrard, Rose (2010) A Malvern Treasury Garrard Art Publications ISBN 978-1-905795-56-7
  4. ^ a b Nott, James (1885). Some of the Antiquities of Moche Malvern (Great Malvern). Malvern: John Thompson. p. 14. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  5. ^ Dugdale, Sir William (1693). Monasticon Anglicanum or The History Of the Ancient Abbies, and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, in England and Wales. With Divers French, Irish, and Scotch Monasteries Formerly relating to England (Translated from the Latin). London: Sam Keble and Hen Rhodes. p. 234. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  6. ^ Dolan, John Gilbert (1910). Malvern. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 20 April 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Grindrod, Charles, F (1899). Malvern: what to see and where to go. Thompson.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Historic England. "St Michaels's Chapel (113665)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  9. ^ Weaver, Cora; Osborne, Bruce (2006). The Illumination of St. Werstan the Martyr. Cora Weaver. ISBN 978-1-873809-67-9.
  10. ^ Wardle, Terry Heroes & Villains of Worcestershire 2010 The History Press, Stroud, Gloucestershire p11 ISBN 978 0 7524 5515 0
  11. ^ a b Wells, Katherine (2009) Tour of Great Malvern Priory p.2., Friends of Great Malvern Priory ISBN 0-9510294-4-4
  12. ^ "Drawing by M. T. Stevens in James Nott, Malvern Priory Church, c. 1900". University of Leicester. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  13. ^ Dolan, John Gilbert (1910).New Advent Malvern in the Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
  14. ^ Great Malvern Priory: Prior Walcher of Lorraine Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 22 September 2011
  15. ^ "A Short Account of Great Malvern Priory Church" Page 8, 1914
  16. ^ Worcestershire Record Office, 899.601 BA 9155.
  17. ^ Worcestershire Record Office, Bishop Guilford's Register of 1283, x713.093 BA 2648
  18. ^ Wells, Katherine (2009) Tour of Great Malvern Priory p.3., Friends of Great Malvern Priory ISBN 0-9510294-4-4
  19. ^ a b Page, William; Willis-Bund, J. W., eds. (1924). Victoria County History, Worcestershire. Vol. 4. London, UK. pp. 123–134.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ "Perpendicular style | Infoplease". www.infoplease.com. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  21. ^ Historic Organ Certificates[permanent dead link‍] Retrieved 3 August 2011
  22. ^ National Pipe Organ Register: Great Malvern Priory Retrieved 3 August 2011
  23. ^ Worcestershire Chronicle - Wednesday 14 April 1847
  24. ^ Wells, Katherine (2009) Tour of Great Malvern Priory p.17., Friends of Great Malvern Priory ISBN 0-9510294-4-4
  25. ^ Smith, Brian S. (1978) [1964]. A History of Malvern. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. pp. 70, 71, 72. ISBN 0-904387-31-3.
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