Wikipedia

Air pollution in Hong Kong

Air pollution in Hong Kong is considered a serious problem. In 2004, visibility was less than eight kilometers for 30 per cent of the year. Cases of asthma and bronchial infections have soared due to reduced air quality. However, in recent years,[when?] the hours of reduced visibility in Hong Kong have decreased by significant amounts compared to the previous ten years.[1][obsolete source]

On two cloud-free days, the haze situation can differ dramatically depending on the season and therefore on the direction of the wind.
Renovation and building rehabilitation programs are neglected sources of air pollution in Hong Kong.

Major emission sources

edit

The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) published the Hong Kong Air Pollutant Emission Inventory on their website every year since 2000. As of 2022, there are "seven source categories for six major air pollutants, namely: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), respirable suspended particulates (RSP or PM10), fine suspended particulates (FSP or PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO)".[2]

"The emission sources include non-combustion sources, public electricity generation, road transport, navigation, civil aviation, other combustion sources, and hill fires"[2] according to the inventory. Hill fires are considered random in nature and are not included in the chart below.[2] In 2022, other combustion sources (e.g., non-road mobile machineries operating in construction sites and container terminals) and non-combustion sources (e.g., for VOC, paints and associated solvents, consumer products and printing; for respirable suspended particulate, i.e., PM10, and fine suspended particulate, i.e., PM2.5, paved road dust, cooking fumes, construction dust and quarry production) are major emission sources for PM2.5, PM10 and VOC (as compared with combustion sources such as public electricity generation, road transport, navigation and civil aviation).[2]

2022 Emission Inventory[2]
25
50
75
100
125
150
PM10
PM2.5
VOC
CO
NOx
SO2
  •   Public Electricity Generation
  •   Road Transport
  •   Navigation (transportation over water)
  •   Civil Aviation
  •   Other Combustion (e.g., non-road mobile machineries operating in construction sites and container terminals)
  •   Non-combustion (e.g., for VOC, paints and associated solvents, consumer products and printing; for respirable suspended particulate (PM10) and fine suspended particulate (PM2.5), paved road dust, cooking fumes, construction dust and quarry production

[2]

Effects

edit

Declining regional air quality means visibility has also decreased dramatically. In 2004, low visibility occurred 18 per cent of the time, the highest on record, according to the Hong Kong Observatory.[3][needs update]

Health implications

edit

The mortality rate from vehicular pollution can be twice as high near heavily travelled roads, based on a study conducted in the Netherlands at residences 50 metres from a main road and 100 metres from a freeway.[4] Since millions of people in Hong Kong live and work in close proximity to busy roads, this presents a major health risk to city residents. The Hong Kong Medical Association estimates that air pollution can exacerbate asthma, impair lung function and raise the risk of cardio-respiratory death by 2 to 3 per cent for every increase of 10 micrograms per cubic metre of pollutants.[4] Studies by local public health experts have found that these roadside pollution levels are responsible for 90,000 hospital admissions and 2,800 premature deaths every year. In 2009 the Australian government highlighted that air pollution in Hong Kong could exacerbate some medical conditions.[5][6]

Former Chief Executive Donald Tsang declared that the high life-expectancy of Hong Kong demonstrates that concerns over air quality were not justified.

The life expectancy in Hong Kong is among the highest in the world ... you can come to only one conclusion: we have the most environmental-friendly place for people, for executives, for Hong Kong people to live.[7]

Professor Anthony Hedley, chair of community medicine at Hong Kong University, said: "Tsang is badly advised on current public health issues." Hedley added that air pollution levels in Hong Kong were extremely high, and could affect the lungs, blood vessels and heart.[7] James Tien, former Chairman of the Liberal Party of Hong Kong, retorted, "Can [Tsang] really be confident that, if pollution continues to worsen, will he be able to promise the same life expectancy for our children and for our grandchildren?"[8]

Economic impact

edit

Even as early as 2000, the total negative impact to the Hong Kong Economy, including cardiorespiratory disease was in excess of HK$11.1 billion.[9] About 1,600 deaths a year might be avoided if air quality improves.[10]

Made aware of fresh statistical and anecdotal evidence that pollution is driving away business and hurting Hong Kong's global competitiveness, James Tien called air pollution "a health issue, a lifestyle issue, a tourism issue, a business issue, and increasingly a political issue".[8]

Merrill Lynch downgraded several Hong Kong property companies because of air quality concerns, and there have been warnings from the head of the Stock Exchange that pollution was scaring investors away.[8] It said that the air quality in Hong Kong is now regularly so poor that its "long-term competitiveness is in some doubt", and advised clients to switch into developers in Singapore instead.[10]

Pollution is dramatically harming not only the health of citizens of Hong Kong but also its economy, particularly relating to the ability to attract skilled foreign labour.[11]

The chairman of the Danish Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong said each year at least two or three people decline offers to work in the Hong Kong offices of member companies because of pollution: "It's going to cost us in the future if we don't clean up here."[citation needed]

"Five years ago, air quality wasn't a concern when people considered whether to relocate to Hong Kong", said Jardine Engineering Corp. Chief Executive James Graham. "In the past, one of the advantages was clean air. We can no longer say that." A London-based human resources consultant recommends that companies pay a 10 per cent hardship allowance to lure expatriates, partly because of air quality.[12]

Causes

edit

Construction dust and quarry production

edit

Construction dust and quarry production are major causes of air pollution in Hong Kong.[2]

Materials or wastes not properly covered

edit
 
a) Dusty construction waste from roadwork not properly covered
b) Construction and demolition waste causing substantial fugitive dust emission in a densely populated area in Hong Kong

Dusty materials that are not cleaned up or properly covered (e.g. in construction sites and dump trucks) are causes of air pollution in Hong Kong,[13][14]

"Everyday, hundreds of dump trucks carry all kinds of dusty material from construction sites to public filling barging points. Improper covering of dusty material would result in substantial fugitive dust emissions during road transportation. Consequently, the air quality of Hong Kong, in particular, the total suspended particulate, would be greatly affected."[14]

Renovation and refurbishment

edit

Renovation and refurbishment can emit particulates and other pollutants. A large amount of waste can be generated and result in air pollution. Common pollutants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (from solvent-based paints, solvents and adhesives) and dust from cutting, sanding, polishing and grinding materials.[15][16][17]

Home

edit

There are more than twenty thousand home improvement projects every year in Hong Kong, affecting more than a million residents[18] (population of HK is around 7.5 million in 2023).[19]

Open burning of wastes

edit

In Hong Kong, open burning of wastes is illegal and is regulated by the Air Pollution Control Ordinance.[20][21] Open burning of wastes can generate "excessive emissions of pollutants such as dense and odorous smoke, dust, and toxic fumes".[22]

Use of power tools

edit

Use of power tools can cause adverse effects on people nearby. Power tools can produce large amounts of particulates including ultrafine particles.[23]

Particulates are the most harmful form (other than ultra-fines) of air pollution[24] There is no safe level of particulates.[25]

Many tasks create dust. High dust levels are caused by one of more the following:[26]

A high dust level example.
  • equipment – using high energy tools, such as cut-off saws, grinders, wall chasers and grit blasters produce a lot of dust in a very short time
  • work method – dry sweeping can make a lot of dust when compared to vacuuming or wet brushing
  • work area – the more enclosed a space, the more the dust will build up
  • time – the longer you work the more dust there will be

Examples of high dust level tasks include:[26]

  • using power tools to cut, grind, drill or prepare a surface
  • sanding taped plaster board joints
  • dry sweeping[26]

Some power tools are equipped with dust collection system (e.g. HEPA vacuum cleaner) or integrated water delivery system which extract the dust after emission.[27][28]

The use of certain types of power tool such as angle grinder can produce much more harmful sparks and fumes (and particulates) when compared with using reciprocating saw or band saw.[29]

Construction

edit
Construction sites
edit

A 2017 study from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University stated that "In Hong Kong ... one of the significant pollution and emission sources, heavy construction equipment, powered by diesel engines, emit toxic pollutants including CO, NOx, HC, particulate matter, as well as CO2. Recent regulations on emission compliance for non-road mobile machinery are mainly targeted at equipment newly imported to Hong Kong. Complete replacement of the current stock of 11,300 units working on construction sites will take many years due to their long service lives."[30]

Joss paper

edit

Burning of joss paper and the ash produced is an important source of air pollution.[31][32][33][34]

Fuel combustion

edit

As per the Clean Air Network, 53% of Hong Kong's pollution comes from local sources – power stations, idling engines of cars, trucks and buses and marine emissions.[35][obsolete source] Hong Kong has only 5% of the land of the Pearl River Delta, but it creates 20% of its pollution, far more than its neighbouring cities of Shenzhen and Guangzhou.[36][37][obsolete source]

A large portion of this pollution comes from coal-fired power stations in Hong Kong and vehicular traffic. A significant contribution wafts down from the tens of thousands of factories in China's neighboring manufacturing heartland of the Pearl River Delta.[35][obsolete source] The two major electricity companies of Hong Kong, namely China Light and Power and HK Electric Holdings emit more than 75,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide into Hong Kong's air daily. At 275 vehicles per kilometer, Hong Kong also has among the highest density of vehicles in the world.[38]

Land

edit
Use of illegal fuels
edit

In 2023, the number of illegal refuelling stations are increasing, likely due to the higher prices at legal stations.[39]

Air-quality monitoring

edit

Air Pollution Index - EPD

edit

The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) in Hong Kong was established to solve problems and provide for a long lasting acceptable level of air quality.[40]

In June 1995, instead of adopting internationally accepted benchmark index for pollution[vague], it set up the Air Pollution Index as an indicator to pollution levels, both "General" and "Roadside".

Air Quality Objectives (AQOs) for seven widespread air pollutants were established in 1987 under the Air Pollution Control Ordinance (APCO),[40] and have not been reviewed since it was set up.[4] It is not clear how the levels are determined.[4]

In October 2005, Task Force on Air Pollution criticised the Government for deluding itself with a pollution index that is a "meaningless" indicator of health risks.[4] Professor Wong Tze-wai, at the Chinese University of Hong Kong commented that the current air pollution index "gives a false sense of security".[4] Gary Wong, a professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong's Department of Paediatrics and School of Public Health, said that under the current index, "some harmful pollution components aren't even recorded". In addition, he pointed out that there is no strategic plan or a timetable to tackle the problem, unlike in other countries[4]

Street-level air quality regularly falls short of the government's Air Quality Objectives (AQOs), and even further short of the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines, revised in October.

Academics called for Hong Kong Government to immediately update its air quality objectives set almost twenty years ago.[7] For example, on 19 and 20 November 2006, roadside levels of respirable suspended particulates (RSPs – equivalent to PM10) exceeded the WHO guidelines by at least 300 per cent. Prof Anthony Hedley of the University of Hong Kong said in September 2007 that if Hong Kong's Air Pollution Index was based on WHO recommended levels, our readings would be "absolutely sky high" for most of the year.[41] Secretary for Environment, Transport and Works Sarah Liao Sau-tung said the WHO targets were too stringent.[7]

Air quality monitoring by the department are carried out by 11 general stations and three roadside stations. On 8 March 2012, the department started reporting data on fine suspended particulates in the air on an hourly basis, that are a leading component of smog. It began regular monitoring of PM2.5 levels, which measure particles 2.5 micrometres (μm) in diameter or less, at three stations since 2005, but the data were never publicized.[42]

Real Air Pollution Index - Greenpeace

edit

In September 2008, Greenpeace East Asia's Hong Kong office launched its "Real Air Pollution Index"[43] as part of a campaign to get the government to update the Air Pollution Index to match WHO guidelines. The Real Air Pollution Index reports hourly pollution levels from 15 monitoring stations across the region and compares them to WHO standards?

Actions implemented

edit

Switch to cleaner motor fuels

edit

All HK taxis and PLBs now run on LPG.[citation needed]

 
Sign on taxi showing its new LPG status

Incentives for scrapping pre-Euro IV vehicles

edit

In 2014, an ex gratia payment scheme was introduced to encourage vehicle-owners to scrap about 82,000 pre-Euro VI vehicles.[44] This included a Citybus AEC Routemaster, which attracted controversy for its resulting loss of transport heritage.[45]

Historical actions discussed

edit

July 2006 Action Blue Sky Campaign

edit
Main article: Action Blue Sky Campaign

The Action Blue Sky Campaign was an environmental campaign organised by the Environmental Protection Department, and launched by Chief Executive Donald Tsang in July 2006. Its campaign slogan in Chinese was "全城投入　為藍天打氣" ("Let all of the city join in to fight for a blue sky"),[46] while its campaign slogan in English is "Clean Air for a Cool Hong Kong!"[47] The campaign hoped to win support from the public as well as the business community, including those businesses investing in the Pearl River Delta Region.

November 2007 vehicle idling ban

edit

In November 2007, the government launched a public consultation on the proposal which would impose a fixed penalty of HK$320 on drivers who would violate a ban on idling, with taxi and minibus drivers likely to bear the brunt of the ban. The government said its action is due to the failure of motorists to heed many past campaigns switch off engines while waiting. Taxi and minibus drivers were opposed to the proposal.[48]

It is illegal for any driver to leave their engine running if they get out of their vehicle.[49] The courts have been awarding fines of HK$700.[50] It is also illegal for taxis to loiter and minibuses to stop longer than necessary to pick up or put down passengers. It is also illegal to park anywhere except in a designated parking place. This means that the vast majority of drivers who idle their engines are already in violation of at least one existing traffic safety law.

However, traffic wardens are under strict policy guidelines not to give out any tickets unless there has already developed a "serious" obstruction of the roadway or there have been multiple complaints made by the public; this is the "Selective Traffic Enforcement Policy" (STEP).[51]

Traffic safety policing of idling vehicles, therefore, falls to private organisations like "mini spotters" who act as volunteer traffic wardens, making statements to police that can be prosecuted without traffic wardens having to issue tickets directly to the transport trade.

2008–09 Budget measures

edit

In the 2008–09 Budget, Financial Secretary John Tsang proposed a 100 per cent profit tax deduction for capital expenditure on environmentally friendly machinery and equipment in the first year of purchase, to encourage the business community to go green.[citation needed] He also suggested shortening the depreciation period of this equipment from the usual 25 years to 5 years. Neither proposal was actually passed.[citation needed]

New goals for 2014

edit

In January 2014, Secretary for the Environment Edward Yau Tang-wah announced that the HK government would update its air quality objectives, put in place in 1990, bringing them closer to WHO guidelines. According to the proposals, which will be set through legislation but have yet to be approved, seven types of emissions will be monitored. Respirable and fine particulates will also be monitored, but less stringently due to their more pronounced health impact. Targets set for three of the seven environmental pollutants are to be based on the WHO's loosest interim targets. Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and lead would be subject to monitoring. Monitoring of particulates smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) would be introduced under the proposals, but will be loosest of the three WHO interim targets. Yau asserted some local pollution had roots in mainland China, but did not mention any ongoing dialogue to address the issue with mainland authorities. Yau also did not address roadside pollution in Hong Kong.[52] In total, 22 measures in all were suggested to contribute towards meeting the new objectives. Such measures would include phasing out heavily polluting vehicles, promoting hybrid or electric vehicles, and increasing the use of natural gas, but no actions have yet to be taken. Environmental impact assessments of projects such as the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge were conducted and approved under the old air-quality guidelines.[52] Mike Kilburn from Civic Exchange and Professor Hedley of the University of Hong Kong expressed their disappointment, saying that it too little, and too long overdue. Kilburn said: "It is a move that we have been waiting years for but we are extremely disappointed as the objectives are not strict enough to make any positive impact on air quality."[53] Other environmental activists shared little hope in government efforts to reduce pollution and lamented the half-hearted implementation of measures, and the elusiveness of timetable for meeting the most stringent objectives.[52]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "The Health Effects of Air Pollution in Hong Kong 🇭🇰". My Health Portal. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Environmental Protection Department". epd.gov.hk. 28 June 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  3. ^ Loh, Christine (5 March 2007). "Hong Kong: how to breathe easier". Hong Kong: how to breathe easier - China Dialogue. China Dialogue. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Albert Wong, Our air is killing us Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 29 October 2005
  5. ^ Barrett, Rosanne (26 March 2009). "Australia Defends Inclusion of Air Pollution in New Travel Warning". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  6. ^ Barrett, Rosanne (25 March 2009). "City's Air Is Bad For You".
  7. ^ a b c d Tsang hit for `naive' comments Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Mimi Lau, The Standard, 28 November 2006 (quoted during the Business for Clear Air conference)
  8. ^ a b c Jonathan Cheng, Lot of hot air on pollution, claims Tien Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 4 December 2006
  9. ^ Ip Chin Chung, Dan (Autumn 2006). "Putrid Air Puts Heath at Risk: How to cope with it" (PDF). Improving Hong Kong. 3: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
  10. ^ a b Our future up in the air Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, William Pesek, The Standard, 8 December 2006
  11. ^ Hong Kong Wheezes as China's Industrial Economy Belches Smog, Bloomberg, 13 October 2005
  12. ^ "Hong Kong Pollution Sends Expats to Singapore". The Stalwart. 23 May 2006.
  13. ^ "Cut down construction dust" (PDF).
  14. ^ a b "Proper Covering of Dusty Material on Dump Trucks". www.epd.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  15. ^ "GovHK: Green Tips for Home Renovation". GovHK. 16 September 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  16. ^ "Particulate matter emissions from activities of building refurbishment".
  17. ^ "一家三口中鉛毒 疑含鉛船用油漆髹浴室門所致 衛生署提家中裝修注意事項 (14:05)". 明報新聞網 - 即時新聞 instant news (in Traditional Chinese). June 2024. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  18. ^ "訂修噪音條例今起諮詢 管制住宅裝修使用撞擊式破碎機需呈報預繳". 香港01 (in Chinese). 18 December 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  19. ^ "Press Releases Detail". censtatd.gov.hk. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  20. ^ GovHK (www.gov.hk). "GovHK: Environmental Laws & Regulations". www.gov.hk. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  21. ^ "Hong Kong e-Legislation Cap. 311O". Hong Kong e-Legislation. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  22. ^ "A Guide to the Air Pollution (Open Burning) Regulation 1996" (PDF). Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  23. ^ "Particulate matter emissions from activities of building refurbishment".
  24. ^ Wasley, Andrew; Heal, Alexandra; Harvey, Fiona; Lainio, Mie (13 June 2019). "Revealed: UK government failing to tackle rise of serious air pollutant". The Guardian.
  25. ^ Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole; Andersen, Zorana J; Beelen, Rob; Samoli, Evangelia; Stafoggia, Massimo; Weinmayr, Gudrun; et al. (August 2013). "Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)". The Lancet Oncology. 14 (9): 813–822. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1. PMID 23849838.
  26. ^ a b c   This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence: "Frequently asked questions – Dust". HSE GOV.UK. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  27. ^ "Beware of dust - Hilti Canada".
  28. ^ "Dust control - Hilti Hong Kong".
  29. ^ "What's the Best Way to Cut Thick Steel?". YouTube. 7 August 2021.
  30. ^ Fan, H. (2017). "A Critical Review and Analysis of Construction Equipment Emission Factors". Procedia Engineering. 196. Elsevier BV: 351–358. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.210. ISSN 1877-7058.
  31. ^ Shen, Huazhen; Tsai, Cheng-Mou; Yuan, Chung-Shin; Jen, Yi-Hsiu; Ie, Iau-Ren (2017). "How incense and joss paper burning during the worship activities influences ambient mercury concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments of an Asian temple?". Chemosphere. 167. Elsevier BV: 530–540. Bibcode:2017Chmsp.167..530S. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.159. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 27764746.
  32. ^ Lin, Chunshui; Huang, Ru-Jin; Duan, Jing; Zhong, Haobin; Xu, Wei; Wu, Yunfei; Zhang, Renjian (2022). "Large contribution from worship activities to the atmospheric soot particles in northwest China". Environmental Pollution. 299. Elsevier BV: 118907. Bibcode:2022EPoll.29918907L. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118907. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 35091017.
  33. ^ Bangkok Post (18 February 2015). "Doctors warn on toxic incense, joss papers". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  34. ^ "Environmental Protection Department". epd.gov.hk. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  35. ^ a b "Hong Kong smothered in worst air pollution two years". Reuters. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  36. ^ "Hong Kong pollution: How the haze affects every breath you take". Expat Living. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  37. ^ "Lost in the haze: China's air pollution crisis". www.greenpeace.org. Green Peace Asia. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  38. ^ "Haze in Hong Kong hits Unhealthy levels". Sure Boh Singapore. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  39. ^ "Hong Kong's illicit refuelling stations on the rise, authorities say after crackdown". 14 February 2023.
  40. ^ a b 6.4 Air Quality Objectives - Environment Hong Kong 2006, Environmental Protection Department, Accessed 2007-05-22
  41. ^ Pollution index based on index set 20 years ago, p5, South China Morning Post, 30 September 2007
  42. ^ Foo, Kenneth "Action stations as air monitoring fine-tuned" Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Standard. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012
  43. ^ "Real Air Pollution Index - Greenpeace East Asia". Greenpeace.org. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  44. ^ Fung, Freda (3 April 2014). "The road to cleaner vehicles in Hong Kong and in mainland China". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  45. ^ Leung, Christy (25 September 2015). "Citybus condemns classic Routemaster bus to scrap heap so it can claim Hong Kong clean fuel payout". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  46. ^ 曾蔭權冀政府大樓再減1.5％用電 (in Chinese). Hong Kong SAR Information Services Department. 25 July 2006. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
  47. ^ "CE launches Action Blue Sky Campaign". Hong Kong SAR Information Services Department. 25 July 2006. Archived from the original on 2 December 2006. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
  48. ^ Winnie Chong, "'Idle' talk sparks heated debate" Archived 10 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 3 November 2007
  49. ^ "Cap 374G Reg 44". Hong Long e-Legislation. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  50. ^ "Mini Spotters – Hong Kong". Minispot.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  51. ^ Traffic Safety is the Goal- Cleaner Air is the Result
  52. ^ a b c Ng, Joyce (18 January 2012). "Clean-air targets don't measure up, critics say", South China Morning Post
  53. ^ Foo, Kenneth (18 January 2012). "Clearing the air" Archived 11 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. The Standard.

Further reading

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air pollution in Hong Kong.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong&oldid=1264600609"