Adriaan Nicolaas Johan van Hees (3 May 1910 – 2 December 1976) was a Dutch actor and member of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB). Van Hees was trained in Amsterdam and Germany, and spent a few years in theater and film. He quit professional acting to join the NSB, giving speeches and overseeing the organization's theater division, arguing that the change he thought necessary in Dutch drama had to come from political revolution. He became depressed and suicidal when he discovered he was part Jewish; still, he tried to join the SS but was denied. After the war, he was banned from the stage for ten years, and sentenced to five years in prison.
Biography
editEarly career
editVan Hees was born in Rotterdam, the son of a theater director from Haarlem. He attended the Theaterschool in Amsterdam from 1927 to 1929, but left for Germany, claiming the quality of education was inferior in Amsterdam. In Germany, he attended drama schools in Düsseldorf and Berlin. From 1931 to 1934 he worked under Cor van der Lugt Melsert with the Vereenigd Rotterdamsch-Hofstad Tooneel, a company that also featured Piet Rienks and Annie van Duyn. After an argument with van der Lugt, he left for Berlin again in March 1933. When he returned in May 1933 he joined the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB), and argued that the drastic improvement necessary in Dutch theater could only come about after a revolutionary change in Dutch politics and society.[1]
In July 1933 van Hees toured the Dutch West Indies with the company De Dietsche Spelers and from 1933 to 1935 he performed in various plays, but he quit the theater in 1935 to focus exclusively on his party work for the NSB. He suffered from severe depression when he found out, in 1934, that his grandfather on his mother's side was Jewish, making him one quarter Jewish under the Nuremberg Laws.[2] He felt he suffered from a split personality, being so fully convinced of the racial politics of which he himself was the intended victim.[2] He contemplated suicide[3] to escape what he called "the conflict of the bastard", but after the war the judge who presided over his case sneered that this was nothing but "third-rate theatrics".[4]
He performed in a few pre-war movies, and participated in theatrical events organized by radio stations. For the NSB paper Het Nationale Dagblad he wrote theater reviews in which he connected theater with national-socialism. In 1937–1938 he did a fourteen-month tour of the Dutch East Indies with Cor Ruys's company.[1]
Wartime
editIn early 1940 van Hees returned to the Netherlands. He was appointed leader of the film department of the Nationale Werknemers Vereniging, later called Nederlands Arbeidsfront, a national-socialist union.[1] He was one of the speakers at the NSB party meeting in Lunteren on 22 June 1940, at the Muur van Mussert, where he called for vengeance for the death of eight NSB members who had been executed by Dutch soldiers during the German invasion of May 1940.[5] With the rank of opperhopman, van Hees led the singing school of the Weerbaarheidsafdeling (WA), and he functioned as theater advisor to the NSB leadership, writing a book, Nieuw tooneel voor een nieuw publiek ("New drama for a new audience").[1] On 11 July 1941 he married the youngest daughter of Barthold Arnold van der Sluijs,[6][7] an NSB member who later became mayor of Zaandam and then Alkmaar, and they had a son the next year.[8] In July 1942 he began working for the Nederlandsche Omroep,[9] the Dutch media outlet installed by the occupying Germans in 1940 on the model of the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft.[10] One of his radio programs was a course in elocution.[11]
Despite his non-Aryan background he volunteered in August 1942 for the Waffen-SS unit Germania.[1] He did not pass the inspection. In 1944 van Hees wanted to join the Nederlandse Landwacht, a paramilitary organization founded by the Germans.[1] On the recommendation of Hanns Albin Rauter, SS and police leader in the Netherlands, he asked Anton Mussert to designate him an "honorary Aryan".[1] This did not happen, and van Hees played no further role of importance in the NSB.[1] He was no longer asked to speak publicly, and his isolation increased after he was fired from the Nederlandsche Omroep. He went into hiding after Dolle Dinsdag, when rumors of liberation by the Allies spread.[1]
After the war
editIn March 1945 Adolphe Engers mentioned van Hees as one of four people who should be removed from Dutch theater.[12] By August he had been banned from the stage for ten years.[13]
Van Hees had intended to leave Europe if the Germans won the war. He was sentenced in 1949 to five years in prison;[1] the prosecutor had asked for six years.[3] In his defense he said he joined the NSB to "exorcise a demon". He died in Vlissingen in 1976.[1]
Filmography
edit- Malle Gevallen (1934) as Piet Janssen (the Klit)
- Het leven is niet zo kwaad (1935) as Heer Bergman
- Jonge harten (1936) as Hans
- Zomerzotheid (1936, based on a Cissy van Marxveldt book) as Gerrit-Jan (final film role)
References
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Van der Logt.
- ^ a b This information comes from an autobiographical sketch he wrote on 29 June 1944, for psychiatrist A. Ruijtenberg. This and other files are kept by the Dutch Nationaal Archief, and was the basis for A. van der Logt's biographical sketch. Other information from a 1984 publication by P. Honig, Acteurs- en kleinkunstenaarslexicon, in collaboration with the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies.
- ^ a b "Zes jaar geëist tegen Adriaan van Hees". Nieuwsblad van het Noorden. 11 January 1949. p. 2. Retrieved 14 June 2016 – via Delpher.
- ^ "Adriaan van Hees' droeve rol". Het Vrije Volk. 13 January 1949. p. 3. Retrieved 14 June 2016 – via Delpher.
- ^ Kromhout, Bas (April 2016). "Opkomst en ondergang van de NSB". Historisch Nieuwsblad. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ "Marriage announcement". De Zwarte Soldaat. 4 July 1941.
- ^ "Opperhopman Van Hees gehuwd". De Zwarte Soldaat. 18 July 1941 – via Delpher.
- ^ "Birth announcement". De Zwarte Soldaat. 5 June 1942. p. 13.
- ^ Van der Lugt.
- ^ Van der Logt, A. P. A. M. "De Nederlandse radio in oorlogstijd". Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ Groeneveld, Gerard (2010). "'We Mature into a Resilient People' Publishing House De Amsterdamsche Keurkamer". Quaerendo. 40 (3): 284–304. doi:10.1163/157006910X537718.
- ^ "Adolphe Engers over ons toneel". Nijmeegsch Dagblad. 20 March 1945. Retrieved 14 June 2016 – via Delpher.
- ^ "Uitspraken eereraad voor tooneel". Het Parool. 20 August 1945. p. 1. Retrieved 14 June 2016 – via Delpher.
Bibliography
edit- Van der Logt, A. P. A. M. (2008). "Analyses en bijlagen bij hoofdstuk 1". Het theater van de nieuwe orde: een onderzoek naar het drama van Nederlandse nationaalsocialisten (PhD). Universiteit van Amsterdam.
External links
edit
Media related to Adriaan van Hees at Wikimedia Commons