Adele Juda (9 March 1888 – 31 October 1949) was an Austrian psychologist and neurologist. She studied the incidence of mental illness in gifted and creative German-speaking people.[1] One of those included in her studies was Mozart, whom she deemed to be 'psychiatrically normal'.[2]
Adele Juda | |
|---|---|
| Born | 9 March 1888 |
| Died | 31 October 1949 (aged 61) |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Scientific career | |
| Thesis | Zum Problem der empirischen Erbprognosebestimmung (1929) |
| Academic advisors | Ernst Rüdin |
Early life and education
editAdele Juda's father Karl was a graphic artist and director of a printing house; her mother was Maria. During her youth her family moved around and lived in Prague, Munich, and Innsbruck. She played the piano and received musical education. She had planned to become a pianist, but a movement disorder in her left hand prevented this. While being treated she met Editha Senger, who later married Ernst Rüdin.[3]
In 1922 Juda started studying medicine at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. She completed her Physikum, an exam in German medical studies, in Innsbruck in 1923, before returning to München. Here she received her MD in 1929 with the thesis "Zum Problem der empirischen Erbprognosebestimmung" (The problem of empirical hereditary prognosis).[4] During her medical studies she worked as an assistant to Ernst Rüdin. Under him she started the study of highly gifted individuals.[3]
She ended her studies in the last month of the Second World War, and returned to Innsbruck in 1945. Here she worked as a specialist in nervous and mood disorders from her own home. She also worked until her death at the 'Zentralstelle für Familienbiologie und Sozialpsychiatrie' (Central office for Family Biology and Social Psychiatry) with Rudolf Cornides and Friedrich Stumpfl. She eventually died from poliomyelitis on 31 October 1949.[3]
Research
editBetween 1928 and 1944 Juda studied the biographies of 19,000 German speaking people, including scientists, artists and at least 27 musicians.[2][5] She performed this study under Ernst Rüdin.[3] At the time it was believed that genius and insanity were linked, which was an idea published by Cesare Lombroso.[6] Juda found no relation between mental illness and high intellectual capability.[7] However, she noted that geniuses and their families showed a higher occurrence of psychosis, but concluded that psychosis impaired creativity.[5][8] In a subgroup of 113 artists and writers she found a high occurrence of neurosis and suicide, specifically in poets. Their families were also more likely to have some form of mental illness.[9]
Her research was criticised, as her inclusion criteria were rather ambiguous, and the diagnostic methods used in her time were not great at distinguishing between different schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[9]
References
edit- ^ Pryal, Katie Rose Guest (2011-08-08). "The Creativity Mystique and the Rhetoric of Mood Disorders". Disability Studies Quarterly. 31 (3). doi:10.18061/dsq.v31i3.1671. ISSN 2159-8371.
- ^ a b Karhausen, Lucien (2011). The Bleeding of Mozart. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4568-5076-0.
- ^ a b c d Wiedemann, Ute; Burgmair, Wolfgang; Weber, Matthias M. (2007). "Die Höchstbegabtenstudie von Adele Juda 1927-1955: Höhepunkt und Ende der psychiatrischen Genialenforschung in Deutschland". Sudhoffs Archiv. 91 (1): 20–37. ISSN 0039-4564. JSTOR 20778047. PMID 17564157.
- ^ Juda, A. (1928-12-01). "Zum Problem der empirischen Erbprognosebestimmung". Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie (in German). 113 (1): 487–517. doi:10.1007/BF02884514. ISSN 0303-4194. S2CID 179338443.
- ^ a b Trend, David (2019-09-03). Anxious Creativity: When Imagination Fails. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-065057-0.
- ^ Norman, Hubert J. (1923). "Genius and Insanity". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 16 (Sect_Psych): 33–38. doi:10.1177/003591572301601904. ISSN 0035-9157. PMC 2102955. PMID 19983326.
- ^ Juda, Adele (1949-10-01). "The relationship between highest mental capacity and psychic abnormalities". American Journal of Psychiatry. 106 (4): 296–307. doi:10.1176/ajp.106.4.296. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 18148484.
- ^ Kaufman, James C.; Sternberg, Robert J. (2019-04-25). The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-18848-8.
- ^ a b Jamison, Kay Redfield (1996-10-18). Touched With Fire. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-0663-1.