The action of 27 May 1802 was a single-ship action which took place in the Mediterranean Sea, when a 36-gun Portuguese frigate, commanded by the French capitão de mar e guerra João Luís de Seguin Deshon, was captured by a 44-gun Algerian frigate, commanded by the privateer Raïs Hamidou.
| Action of 27 May 1802 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Algiers |
 Portugal | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Raïs Hamidou |
Luís Seguin Deshon † | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
1 frigate[1][2] 40–44[1][2] guns |
1 frigate 36[1][2]–44 guns 282–300[1] men | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown |
Some killed[1] All captured | ||||||
Background
editIn the year in which the Treaty of Amiens was concluded, 1802, the Portuguese sent to the Strait of Gibraltar a strong squadron, which in April was constituted by one ship of the line, two frigates and two brigantines.[1]
Due to an outbreak of typhus that was raging on board of the Portuguese ships, only the Cisne remained on patrol in the Strait area, despite also having part of the garrison on board sick or convalescent.[2] It is in this scenario that on 5 May, the crew spots an unknown frigate, which is approaching the ship Portuguese during the night. This ship only at dawn, and already very close, declares its true identity: it was a privateer frigate of Algiers.[2]
On 8 May, the frigate Nossa Senhora do Bom Despacho, better known as the Cisne, of 36 guns and 300 men of garrison, of which the commander was capitão de mar e guerra Luís Seguin Deshon, was cruising in the Mediterranean.[1]
Action
editRaïs Hamidou, who was commanding a frigate armed with 40–44[1][2] guns in the Mediterranean, encountered a Portuguese frigate with 36[1][2]–44 guns and a crew of 282–300[1] men.
Employing a ruse de guerre, Hamidou put an English flag he had captured onto his ship, tricking the Portuguese into believing they were facing an English ship,[1] and approached the Cisne from windward, making signals that he wanted to communicate with her.[1] Confident, the Portuguese let her approach without taking any precautions.[1] Suddenly the xebec-frigate, supposedly English but in reality Algerian, approached directly the Portuguese frigate, anchored, and fired one or two artillery volleys,[2] at the same time that its garrison launched itself into boarding, making a terrible tumult.[1][2] The combat only lasted around an hour and a half.[2]
Caught completely by surprise, the Portuguese could offer little resistance.[1] The commander and some of the crew were killed.[1] The remaining officers, soldiers and sailors were taken prisoner (or enslaved)[3][4][5][6] and taken to Algiers along with the ship,[1] while the cannons and the frigate were incorporated into the Algerian Navy. The frigate's name was changed from Cisne ("Swan") to El Portukiza ("The Portuguese").[7]
Aftermath
editHamidou would go on to capture another frigate near Gibraltar.[8] This angered the Dey, Mustafa, who exiled Hamidou for two years.[6]
In addition to the limitations of the garrison of the Cisne, the fact that the frigate of Algiers was armed with 44 guns, and was the best and largest ship that the Dey had, with its commander being Raïs Hamidou, the most famous and well known Algerian privateer, cannot serve as an excuse for what happened.[2] Despite this discrediting event, Portugal kept its ships on patrol in the area, and at the end of September, the frigate Ulisses patrolled the area between Cape Spartel and the Algarve, as there was news that a frigate from Algiers, possibly the same one that had captured the Cisne, sailed near Cape St. Vincent.[2]
Later, on 6 July 1810, a truce was signed between Portugal and the Dey of Algiers according to which, in exchange for the payment of a large compensation and the delivery of 79 Algerians who were imprisoned in Lisbon, he undertook to release 581 Portuguese and 34 slaves who were captives in Algiers.[1] The liberation was carried out in three groups, and was completed on 23 June 1812.[1]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Monteiro 1996, pp. 254–255.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Salgado 2022, pp. 184–185.
- ^ Devoulx 1859, pp. 86–89.
- ^ Devoulx 1872, pp. 77–78.
- ^ Lacour, A. (1883). "La Revue maritime et coloniale". Institut français de la mer. 78: 620–621.
- ^ a b Courtinat 2003, p. 36.
- ^ Berbrugger 1869, pp. 413–414.
- ^ Panzac 1999, p. 55.
Bibliography
edit- Devoulx, Albert (1859). Le raïs Hamidou: notice biographique sur le plus célèbre corsaire algérien du XIIIe siècle de l'hégire, d'après des documents authentiques et pour la plupart inédits (in French). Algiers: Typographie Adolphe Jourdan.
- Devoulx, Albert (1872). Le registre des prises maritimes: traduction d'un document authentique et inédit concernant le partage des captures amenées par les corsaires algériens (in French). Algiers: Typographie Adolphe Jourdan.
- Berbrugger, Louis-Adrien (1869). Revue africaine: journal des travaux de la Société historique algérienne (in French). Algiers: Société historique algérienne.
- Monteiro, Armando da Silva Saturnino (1996). Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa (1669-1807) (PDF) (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Livraria Sá da Costa Editora.
- Panzac, Daniel (1999). Les corsaires barbaresques: la fin d'une épopée, 1800-1820 (in French). Paris: CNRS Éditions. ISBN 978-2-271-05688-7.
- Courtinat, Roland (2003). La piraterie barbaresque en Méditerranée: XVIe-XIXe siècle (in French). Algiers: Editions Jacques Gandini. ISBN 978-2-906431-65-2.
- Salgado, Augusto Alves (2022). Viagens e Operações Navais (1668-1823) (PDF) (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Academia de Marinha.