Acnode

An acnode is an isolated point in the solution set of a polynomial equation in two real variables. Equivalent terms are isolated point and hermit point.

An acnode at the origin (curve described in text)

For example the equation

$f(x,y)=y^{2}+x^{2}-x^{3}=0$

has an acnode at the origin, because it is equivalent to

$y^{2}=x^{2}(x-1)$

and $x^{2}(x-1)$ is non-negative only when $x$ ≥ 1 or $x=0$. Thus, over the real numbers the equation has no solutions for $x<1$ except for (0, 0).

In contrast, over the complex numbers the origin is not isolated since square roots of negative real numbers exist. In fact, the complex solution set of a polynomial equation in two complex variables can never have an isolated point.

An acnode is a critical point, or singularity, of the defining polynomial function, in the sense that both partial derivatives $\partial f \over \partial x$ and $\partial f \over \partial y$ vanish. Further the Hessian matrix of second derivatives will be positive definite or negative definite, since the function must have a local minimum or a local maximum at the singularity.

See also

• Singular point of a curve
• Crunode
• Cusp
• Tacnode

References

• Porteous, Ian (1994). Geometric Differentiation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39063-7.