Acacia decurrens, commonly known as black wattle or early green wattle, is a perennial tree or shrub native to eastern New South Wales, including Sydney, the Greater Blue Mountains Area, the Hunter Region, and southwest to the Australian Capital Territory. It grows to a height of 2–15 m (7–50 ft) and it flowers from July to September.
| Black wattle | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Clade: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | Acacia |
| Species: | A. decurrens
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| Binomial name | |
| Acacia decurrens | |
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| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
Cultivated throughout Australia and in many other countries, Acacia decurrens has naturalised in most Australian states and in Africa, the Americas, Europe, New Zealand and the Pacific, the Indian Ocean area, and Japan.
Description
editAcacia decurrens is a fast-growing tree, reaching anywhere from 2 to 15 m (7–50 ft) high. The bark is brown to dark grey colour and smooth to deeply fissured longitudinally with conspicuous intermodal flange marks. The branchlets have longitudinal ridges running along them that are unique to the species.[1] Young foliage tips are yellow. .
Alternately arranged leaves are dark green on both sides. Stipules are either small or absent. The base of the petiole is swollen to form the pulvinus. The leaf blade is bipinnate and the rachis is 20–120 mm long, angular and hairless. 15–45 pairs of widely spaced small leaflets (pinnules) are connected with each other and 5–15 mm long by 0.4–1 mm wide. They are straight, parallel-sided, with a pointed tip, tapering base, shiny and hairless or rarely sparsely hairy.
The small yellow or golden-yellow flowers are very cottony in appearance and are densely attached to the stems, with each head 5–7 mm long, forming a 60–110 mm long axillary raceme or terminal panicle. They are bisexual and fragrant. The flowers have five petals and sepals with numerous conspicuous stamens. The ovary is superior and has only one carpel with numerous ovules.
Flowering is followed by the formation of seed pods, which ripen from November to January.[2]
Dark brown or reddish brown to black in colour, the seed are located inside a parallel-sided, flattish, smooth pod. They are 20–105 mm long by 4–8.5 mm wide with edges. The seed opens by two valves. Pods are initially hairy but they become hairless as they grow.
Taxonomy
editGerman botanist Johann Christoph Wendland first described this species as Mimosa decurrens in 1798,[3] before his countryman Carl Ludwig Willdenow redescribed it in the genus Acacia in 1919.[4] In his description, Willdenow did not cite Wendland but instead a 1796 description by James Donn. However, as Donn's description was a nomen nudum, the proper citation is Acacia decurrens Willd. with neither older work cited.[1]
George Bentham classified A. decurrens in the series Botrycephalae in his 1864 Flora Australiensis.[5]
Queensland botanist Les Pedley reclassified the species as Racosperma decurrens in 2003, when he proposed placing almost all Australian members of the genus into the new genus Racosperma.[6] However, this name is treated as a synonym of its original name.[4]
Common names include coast green wattle, black wattle, early black wattle, Sydney green wattle, queen wattle,[4] and in the local Dharawal language, Boo'kerrikin.[7][8] Maiden noted that it was called Wat-tah by the indigenous people of Cumberland (Parramatta) and Camden districts.[9] Sydney wattle was a name coined by von Mueller and early settlers around Penrith called it green wattle. Feathery wattle was another early name.[9] It is also known as early green wattle in the Sydney basin, as it flowers in winter—earlier than similar species, such as Parramatta wattle (Acacia parramattensis), blueskin (A. irrorata) and late black wattle (A. mearnsii).[10] It has attracted the vernacular name 'green cancer' in South Africa, where it has become weedy.[11]
Other names include acacia bark, wattle bark, tan wattle, golden teak, and Brazilian teak.[citation needed]
Along with other bipinnate wattles, it is classified in the section Botrycephalae within the subgenus Phyllodineae in the genus Acacia. An analysis of genomic and chloroplast DNA along with morphological characters found that the section is polyphyletic, though the close relationships of A. decurrens and many other species were unable to be resolved.[12]
Distribution and habitat
edit
Acacia decurrens is native to tablelands of New South Wales and Victoria. It is found in temperate coastal to cool inland areas, but not dry or hot areas of inland NSW. It prefers high rainfall areas with 600–1,400 mm (24–55 in) per year, and is otherwise tolerant of a wide range of conditions. In woodlands and dry sclerophyll forests in New South Wales, it grows with trees such as grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) and narrow-leaved ironbark (E. crebra).[2] In areas where it has become naturalised, Acacia decurrens is generally found on roadsides, along creeklines and in waste areas. It also grows in disturbed sites nearby bushlands and open woodlands.[2]
It was extensively planted in New South Wales, and it is difficult to tell whether it is native or naturalised in areas near its native range.[13] The species became naturalised in other states including Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania. It grows on shale and sandstone soils with medium nutrients and good drainage.[2]
Despite its invasive nature, it has not been declared a noxious weed by any state or Australian government body.[13]
Ecology
editThe dark brown or black seed is the main source of reproduction. They can be spread by ants or birds, and form a seedbank in the soil. Seedlings generally grow rapidly after bushfire, and the species can colonise disturbed areas.[2] Trees can live for 15 to 50 years.[2]
Sulphur-crested cockatoos eat the unripe seed.[2]
The foliage serves as food for the caterpillars of the double-spotted line blue (Nacaduba biocellata), moonlight jewel (Hypochrysops delicia), imperial hairstreak (Jalmenus evagoras), ictinus blue (Jalmenus ictinus), amethyst hairstreak (Jalmenus icilius) and silky hairstreak (Pseudalmenus chlorinda).[14]
The wood serves as food for larvae of the jewel beetle species Agrilus australasiae, Cisseis cupripennis and C. scabrosula.[15]
Uses
editUses of Acacia decurrens include chemical products, environmental management, and wood. The flowers are edible and are used in fritters. An edible gum oozing from the tree's trunk can be used as a lesser-quality substitute for gum arabic, for example in the production of fruit jelly. The bark contains about 37–40% tannin. The flowers are used to produce yellow dye, and the seed pods are used to produce green dye.[16] An organic chemical compound called kaempferol gives the flowers of A. decurrens their color.[17] It has been grown for firewood, or as a fast-growing windbreak or shelter tree.[18]
Cultural significance
editIn the Dharawal story of the Boo'kerrikin Sisters, one of the kindly sisters was turned into Acacia decurrens. The other two sisters were turned into A. parvipinnula and A. parramattensis.[8] The flowering of A. decurrens was used as a seasonal indicator of the ceasing of cold winds and the beginning of a period of gentle rain.[19]
Cultivation
editAcacia decurrens adapts easily to cultivation and grows very quickly. It can be used as a shelter or specimen tree in large gardens and parks.[18] The tree can look imposing when in flower.[11] Cultivation of A. decurrens can be started by soaking the seeds in warm water and sowing them outdoors. The seeds keep their ability to germinate for many years.[20]
Fieldwork conducted in the Southern Highlands found that the presence of bipinnate wattles (either as understory or tree) was related to reduced numbers of noisy miners, an aggressive species of bird that drives off small birds from gardens and bushland, and hence recommended the use of these plants in establishing green corridors and revegetation projects.[21]
References
edit- ^ a b Kodela, Phillip G. (2001). "Acacia". In Wilson, Annette; Orchard, Anthony E. (eds.). Flora of Australia. Vol. 11A, 11B, Part 1: Mimosaceae, Acacia. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-643-06718-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1996). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 4: Dicotyledon family Fabaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 4 (4): 552–752 [700]. ISSN 0727-9620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-30.
- ^ "Mimosa decurrens J.C.Wendl". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ a b c "Acacia decurrens (J.C.Wendl.) Willd". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ Bentham, George (1864). "Acacia pycnantha". . Vol. 2: Leguminosae to Combretaceae. London, United Kingdom: L. Reeve & Co. p. 414.
- ^ Pedley, Les (2003). "A synopsis of Racosperma C.Mart. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)". Austrobaileya. 6 (3): 445–96.
- ^ Harden, Gwen J. (1990). "Acacia decurrens (J.C.Wendl.) Willd". Plantnet – New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
- ^ a b Bodkin, Frances; Bodkin-Andrews, Gawaian (2011). "Doo'ragai Diday Boo'Kerrikin: The Sisters Boo'kerrikin" (PDF). D'harawal DREAMING STORIES. Sydney.
- ^ a b Maiden, Joseph Henry (1890). Wattles and Wattlebarks of New South Wales: being hints on the conservation and cultivation of wattles, together with particulars of their value (PDF). Sydney: Charles Potter. p. 50.
- ^ Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7318-1031-4.
- ^ a b Holliday, Ivan (1989). A Field Guide to Australian Trees (2nd ed.). Port Melbourne, Victoria: Hamlyn. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-947334-08-6.
- ^ Brown, Gillian K.; Ariati, Siti R.; Murphy, Daniel J.; Miller, Joseph T. H.; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (2006). "Bipinnate acacias (Acacia subg. Phyllodineae sect. Botrycephalae) of eastern Australia are polyphyletic based on DNA sequence data". Australian Systematic Botany. 19 (4): 315. doi:10.1071/SB05039. ISSN 1030-1887. Wikidata Q30040847.
- ^ a b The University of Queensland (2011). "Sydney green wattle Acacia decurrens". Weeds of Australia Biosecurity Queensland Edition. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ Edwards, E. D.; Newland, J.; Regan, L. (2001). Lepidoptera. Vol. 31: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 172, 222, 264–65, 267, 270. ISBN 9780643067004.
- ^ Bellamy, C.L. (2002). Coleoptera. Vol. 29: Buprestoidea. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 347, 369, 381. ISBN 9780643069008.
- ^ Plants for a Future Database
- ^ "Lycaeum – Phytochemistry Intro". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
- ^ a b Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1985). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Lothian Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-85091-143-5.
- ^ "D'harawal calendar". Indigenous Weather Knowledge. Bureau of Meteorology. 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ Internet Archive Select Extra-tropical Plants Readily Eligible for Industrial Culture Or Naturalization By Ferdinand von Mueller
- ^ Hastings, Richard A.; Beattie, Andrew J. (2006). "Stop the bullying in the corridors: Can including shrubs make your revegetation more Noisy Miner free?". Ecological Management & Restoration. 7 (2): 105–12. doi:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2006.00264.x.
External links
edit
- USDA Plants Profile: Acacia decurrens
- Invasive Species Compendium.(1994). Datasheet-Acacia decurrens(green wattle).[On-line]. Availavble from: http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=2208&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144
- HerbiGuide. (1988). Available from: http://www.herbiguide.com.au/Descriptions/hg_Early_Black_Wattle.htm