Abun, also known as Yimbun, Anden, Manif, or Karon Pantai, is a Papuan language spoken by the Abun people along the northern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula in Sausapor District, Tambrauw Regency. It is not closely related to any other language, and though Ross (2005) assigned it to the West Papuan family, based on similarities in pronouns,[2] Palmer (2018), Ethnologue, and Glottolog list it as a language isolate.[1][3][4]
| Abun | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Southwest Papua |
| Region | Tambrauw Regency, Bird's Head Peninsula: Ayamaru, Moraid, and Sausapor sub-districts - about 20 villages |
Native speakers | (3,000 cited 1995)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kgr |
| Glottolog | abun1252 |
| ELP | Abun |
  Abun  Abun | |
| Coordinates: 0°34′S 132°25′E / 0.57°S 132.42°E | |
Abun used to have three lexical tones, but only two are distinguished now as minimal pairs and even these are found in limited vocabulary. Therefore, Abun is said to be losing its tonality due to linguistic change.[5]
Being spoken along the coast of northwestern New Guinea, Abun is in contact with Austronesian languages; maritime vocabulary in Abun has been borrowed from Biak.[6]
Setting and dialects
editThe speakers number about 3,000 spread across 18 villages and several isolated hamlets. The Abun area occupies a stretch of the northern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula. The neighbouring languages are Moi to the southwest along the coast, Moraid and Karon Dori to the south (the latter is a dialect of Maybrat), and Mpur to the east.[7]
The Abun speakers refer to their language as either Abun or Anden. Several other names are in use by neighbouring groups: the Moi call it Madik, the Mpur refer to it as Yimbun or Yembun, while among the Biak people it is known as Karon Pantai, a term with derogatory connotations.[8]
Abun has four distinct dialects: Abun Tat, Abun Ye, and the two dialects of Abun Ji. The two Abun Ji dialects are differentiated by their use of /r/ or /l/. Abun exists on a dialect continuum from Abun Tat to Abun Ji /l/: speakers of Abun Tat are less able to understand Abun Ji than Abun Ye.[9]
Phonology
editAbun has 5 vowels: /i, e, ɑ, o, u/.[9]
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar\ Palatal |
Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | k | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | g | |
| prenasal. | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿd͡ʒ | ᵑɡ | |
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||
| Trill | r | ||||
Tones
editAbun has three lexical tones, which are high, mid, and low. A minimal set showing all three tones:[6]
ʃúr
water
ʃè
flow
'the water flows'
ʃúr
water
ʃé
flood
'a big flood'
ʃúr
water
ʃe
big
'a big river'
High/rising tones can also be used to mark plurals (Berry & Berry 1999:21).
- ndam 'bird', ndám 'birds'
- nu 'house', nú 'houses'
- gwa 'taro tuber', gwá 'taro tubers'
Grammar
editAbun has bipartite negation like French, using the pre-predicate negator yo and post-predicate negator nde. Both are obligatory.[6]: 608–609 Example:
Án
3PL
yo
NEG
ma
come
mo
to
nu
house
nde.
NEG
'They didn't come to the house.'
Like the other language isolates of the northern Bird's Head Peninsula, Abun is a heavily isolating language, with many one-to-one word-morpheme correspondences, as shown in the example sentence below.[6]
Men
1PL
ben
do
suk
thing
mo
LOC
nggwe
garden
yo,
then
men
1PL
ben
do
suk
thing
sino.
together
'If we do things at the garden, then we do them together.'
Vocabulary comparison
editThe following basic vocabulary words are from Miedema & Welling (1985)[10] and Voorhoeve (1975),[11] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[12]
gloss Abun
(Karon Pantai dialect)Abun
(Senopi dialect)Abun
(Jembun dialect)head məsu tana mesu hair go mauwyan usugo eye ŋgro tasu da tooth sios jasièm mesos leg kwes taow mengwès louse mim xatè dog ndar (n)dax dar pig yot fani nox; yot bird namgau eruː daːm egg bem yayuf beːm blood nde mès dè bone dini tey diniéː skin da tarak menda tree kew ara key man bris raysmiː yeːtu sun kam ayom kaːm water sur aya sur fire bot tafox boːt stone jok fra yok name gum tasom tagum eat git téyt mengi one dik sow dik two we ai wè
References
edit- ^ a b Abun at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Abun". Glottolog 4.3.
- ^ Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Muysken, Pieter (2008). From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 134. ISBN 9789027231000.
- ^ a b c d Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Berry & Berry 1999, p. 1.
- ^ Berry & Berry 1999, p. 2.
- ^ a b Berry & Berry 1999.
- ^ Miedema, J. and Welling, F.I. "Fieldnotes on languages and dialects in the Kebar district, Bird's Head, Irian Jaya". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 22. A-63:29-52. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. doi:10.15144/PL-A63.29
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
Sources
edit- Berry, Christine; Berry, Keith (1999). A description of Abun: a west Papuan language of Irian Jaya (PDF). Pacific Linguistics Series B, Volume 115. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-482-0.