Absolutely Free is the second album by American rock band the Mothers of Invention, released on May 26, 1967, by Verve Records. Much like their 1966 debut Freak Out!, the album is a display of complex musical composition with political and social satire, whose blend of jazz, classical, avant-garde and rock idioms within multi-sectional, suite-like compositions is seen as an important and influential precursor to progressive rock. The band had been augmented since Freak Out! by the addition of woodwinds player Bunk Gardner, keyboardist Don Preston, rhythm guitarist Jim Fielder, and drummer Billy Mundi; Fielder quit the group before the album was released, and his name was removed from the album credits.
| Absolutely Free | ||||
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 reissue cover | ||||
| Studio album by | ||||
| Released | May 26, 1967 | |||
| Recorded | November 15–18, 1966 March 6, 1967[1][2] | |||
| Studio | TTG Studios, Los Angeles | |||
| Genre | ||||
| Length | 39:51 | |||
| Label | Verve | |||
| Producer | Tom Wilson | |||
| Frank Zappa chronology | ||||
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| The Mothers of Invention chronology | ||||
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| Singles from Absolutely Free | ||||
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Background and Recording
editFreak Out! cost Verve $20,000 to make, more than double the cost of a typical album at the time. When it struggled to sell, the record company only allowed a budget of $11,000 for the follow up, which was recorded on four-track over just four days from November 15–18, 1966 at TTG studios in Los Angeles, with additional mixing and editing at MGM in New York City a week later.[5] Tom Wilson again sat in the producer’s chair, although it is generally agreed that he took a hands-off approach and let Zappa have full creative control. Unlike Freak Out!, which used extensive orchestration, the budget this time only allowed for orchestral additions to “Brown Shoes Don’t Make It”, with the band playing virtually live in the studio for most tracks. Since many of the songs were complex multi-sectional pieces, the group would do up to 30 takes of each specific section of a track, which were then strung together in editing.[6] According to Zappa, the group had “one day with 15 minutes per tune to do all the vocals on that album. That's right. It's called 'sing or get off the pot’.”[7]
Songs
editZappa intended the album to be divided into two operatic suites with all the songs continually linked, which at the time of recording predated the release of The Who’s "A Quick One While He’s Away" and The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The first suite, entitled “Absolutely Free”, is essentially a send-up of a romantic love story with fruits and vegetables acting as a metaphor for people; the second suite, “The M.O.I. American Pageant”, is a trenchant social commentary on American life including aspects of social status and mobility, consumerism, alcoholism, greed, and political corruption.
Plastic People
“Plastic People” evolved from the group’s cover of "Louie Louie", with new lyrics. It opens with an announcement of the President of the United States, who is ill and needs chicken soup, before going on to critique the “plastic” hippies who hung out at clubs like Pandora's Box, the epicenter of the Sunset Strip Riots happening at the time of the album’s recording.[8] "Son of Suzy Creamcheese" later in the album goes further into the subject, which presages the themes of The Mothers' next album.
The Duke of Prunes
The primary subject of the suite, food, appears on this mock-AOR love ballad with comedic lyrics improvised by Ray Collins. Originally based on a Zappa composition titled “And Very True”, the subject involves Ray, as the Duke of Prunes, attempting to pick up a woman at the supermarket by using food references that are meant as euphemisms for sex.[8]
Amnesia Vivace
According to the album’s libretto, the Duke attempts to pick up two cheerleaders in a parking lot when they bash him in the face, giving him amnesia.[5] This is portrayed musically as a one minute free-jazz freak out which eventually quotes Stravinsky’s The Firebird.
The Duke Regains His Chops
The Duke suddenly recovers his memory as a reprise of “Duke of Prunes” appears in a faster tempo before the Duke attempts his final pick-up by singing a Supremes-like tune reminiscent of "Baby Love".
Call Any Vegetable
The food imagery continues on this frantic rocker, although Zappa claimed “vegetables” referred to people who are inactive in society, but who might be “woken up” if moved sufficiently—hence the idea to call the vegetable and release the person from apathy.[8]
Invocation and Ritual Dance of the Young Pumpkin
This seven-minute instrumental opens with a quote from Holst’s The Planets before morphing into a wild, proto-jazz fusion group jam in which Zappa displays his improvisational guitar skills for the first time on record.
Soft-Cell Conclusion
A reprise of “Call Any Vegetable”, somewhat slower and bluesier with harmonica accompaniment, in which Zappa instructs his listeners how to call to vegetables. The speed then increases to a very fast tempo before ending on a series of sexual pants.
America Drinks
The second suite opens with this send-up of a lounge ballad, sung deliberately off-tempo as if the singer is very drunk, to illustrate the empty phoniness of American culture. This is followed by quotes from Fucik’s "Entrance of the Gladiators" and the overture to Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar’s Bride, for a cartoonish circus ambience.
Status Back Baby
One of Zappa’s doo-wop parodies, although there are oblique insertions of quotes from Stravinsky and Debussy. The lyrical content skewers high school social cliques, as a self-absorbed jock finds he’s losing status with the pom-pom girls.[8]
Uncle Bernie’s Farm
This relatively straightforward, fast-paced rocker critiques the makers of violent children’s toys and compares them to the child’s equally plastic parents. It closes with several overlapping voices attempting to sell the listener toy bombs, rockets, intestines, brass knuckles, and other grotesque products.
Son of Suzy Creamcheese
The character of Suzy Creamcheese, a groupie, was first introduced on Freak Out! Here we learn more about her desire to be "in" as she drops acid, stays out all night on Sunset Strip, steals her boyfriend’s stash of drugs and attends a protest march in Berkeley.[8] Zappa admitted that the rocker was one of the most difficult songs for The Mothers to learn to play due to its dizzying change of time signatures, moving between 4/4, 8/8, 9/8, 4/8, 5/8, 6/8 and back to 4/4.[9]
Brown Shoes Don’t Make It
Described by François Couture of AllMusic as a "condensed two-hour musical", the album’s longest song, at over seven minutes, moves through 22 distinct sections covering psychedelia, chamber music, Sprechstimme, garage rock, classical, music hall, doo-wop, The Beach Boys, electronics, and more.[10] It is the only track on the album to feature outside orchestration, which climaxes the piece. There is also a homemade synthesizer played by Don Preston, one of the earliest appearances of such an instrument on a rock record. The song’s primary subject is corruption in politics, as a city hall official fantasizes sleeping with a thirteen-year-old girl in graphic detail. The line “I’d like to make her do a nasty on the White House lawn” apparently held up the album’s release, as an MGM exec protested its inclusion and wanted to change the line to "I'd like to make her do a crossword puzzle on the back of TV Guide."[9]
America Drinks and Goes Home
A reprise of “America Drinks” set at the "Pompadour-a-Go-Go", this is a similar piano-based lounge ballad Zappa penned in 1964 over which sounds of drinking, gambling, and slot machines get louder until the song fades and only the sounds of drunk partygoers' grotesque laughs and screams remain, meant to illustrate the casual disrespect such audiences have for the performers.[8] There is a stylistic similarity between this number and the later Beatles B-side "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" as well as The Rolling Stones’ “On with the Show”.
Album Cover and Libretto
editThe album was planned for release in January 1967 but ran into trouble when Verve objected to Zappa's idea of printing the lyrics on the back cover, as well as to the phrase "war means work for all" on a billboard included in the illustrated collage which had also been constructed by Zappa.[9] Months passed before a compromise was reached: the lyrics would not be printed on the album, but it was allowed for an ad to be placed in the gatefold for listeners to send one dollar for a complete libretto booklet containing lyrics and plot explanations.
| Review scores | |
|---|---|
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |   [11] |
| Encyclopedia of Popular Music | [12] |
| The Great Rock Bible | 8/10[13] |
| Kerrang! |  [14] |
| MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide | [15] |
| OndaRock | 9/10[16] |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | [17] |
| Sputnikmusic | 5/5[18] |
| Uncut | 8/10 [19] |
| The Village Voice | B−[20] |
Release and Reception
editThe album was eventually released on May 26, 1967. This was incidentally the same day as the UK release of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which also had the idea of printed lyrics and no gaps between its songs; had Absolutely Free's release not been significantly delayed by issues over its cover art and lyrics, it would have predated The Beatles on these innovations. The album fared much better overall than Freak Out!, charting at #41 on Billboard and becoming a favorite of the underground.
In a contemporary review, Billboard magazine wondered whether the band were putting their audience on, but concluded that the album would rack up huge sales.[21] Retrospectively, the album has received high praise as an early peak for Zappa’s lyrical and compositional innovation, which had evolved considerably since Freak Out!. AllMusic calls it a “fabulously inventive record, bursting at the seams with ideas”[11] while The New Rolling Stone Album Guide awarded four-and-a-half stars. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice was somewhat less charitable, claiming that “as rock and roll it’s a moderately amusing novelty record, much too obvious in its satire.”[20]
In the book Necessity Is..., former Mothers of Invention band member Ray Collins said that Absolutely Free is probably his favorite of the classic Mothers albums.[22]
Versions
editThe UK-67 release (Verve VLP/SVLP 9174) came in a laminated flip-back cover, with a Mike Raven poem at the reverse that was not on any other issue.
The CD reissue adds, between sides one and two, two songs that were featured on a rare Verve single of the time. The songs from the single, "Why Dontcha Do Me Right?" (titled "Why Don't You Do Me Right" on the 45) and "Big Leg Emma", were both described as "an attempt to make dumb music to appeal to dumb teenagers".[23]
Track listing
editAll tracks are written by Frank Zappa
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Plastic People" | 3:40 |
| 2. | "The Duke of Prunes" | 2:12 |
| 3. | "Amnesia Vivace" | 1:01 |
| 4. | "The Duke Regains His Chops" | 1:45 |
| 5. | "Call Any Vegetable" | 2:19 |
| 6. | "Invocation & Ritual Dance of the Young Pumpkin" (instrumental) | 6:57 |
| 7. | "Soft-Sell Conclusion" | 1:40 |
| Total length: | 20:28 | |
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "America Drinks" | 1:52 |
| 2. | "Status Back Baby" | 2:52 |
| 3. | "Uncle Bernie's Farm" | 2:09 |
| 4. | "Son of Suzy Creamcheese" | 1:33 |
| 5. | "Brown Shoes Don't Make It" | 7:26 |
| 6. | "America Drinks & Goes Home" | 2:43 |
| Total length: | 19:23 | |
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Absolutely Free Radio Ad #1" | 1:01 |
| 2. | "Why Don'tcha Do Me Right?" | 2:39 |
| 3. | "Big Leg Emma" | 2:32 |
| 4. | "Absolutely Free Radio Ad #2" | 1:01 |
| 5. | "Glutton for Punishment..." | 0:24 |
| 6. | "America Drinks (1969 Re-Mix)" | 1:55 |
| 7. | "Brown Shoes Don't Make It (1969 Re-Mix)" | 7:27 |
| 8. | "America Drinks & Go Home (1969 Re-Mix)" | 2:42 |
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Plastic People" | 3:42 |
| 2. | "The Duke of Prunes" | 2:13 |
| 3. | "Amnesia Vivace" | 1:01 |
| 4. | "The Duke Regains His Chops" | 1:52 |
| 5. | "Call Any Vegetable" | 2:15 |
| 6. | "Invocation & Ritual Dance of the Young Pumpkin" | 7:00 |
| 7. | "Soft-Sell Conclusion" | 1:40 |
| 8. | "Big Leg Emma" | 2:31 |
| 9. | "Why Don'tcha Do Me Right?" | 2:37 |
| 10. | "America Drinks" | 1:53 |
| 11. | "Status Back Baby" | 2:54 |
| 12. | "Uncle Bernie's Farm" | 2:10 |
| 13. | "Son of Suzy Creamcheese" | 1:34 |
| 14. | "Brown Shoes Don't Make It" | 7:30 |
| 15. | "America Drinks & Goes Home" | 2:45 |
Personnel
editThe Mothers of Invention
- Frank Zappa – guitar, conductor, vocals
- Jimmy Carl Black – drums, vocals
- Ray Collins – vocals, tambourine, harmonica
- Roy Estrada – bass, vocals
- Billy Mundi – drums, percussion
- Don Preston – keyboards
- Jim Fielder (Uncredited) – guitar, piano
- Bunk Gardner – woodwinds
Additional musicians
(Jim Sherwood was credited as a member of The Mothers on the album's original release, but he actually joined the band during the recording of We're Only in It for the Money, and he isn't featured on this album.) |
Production
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Charts
edit| Year | Chart | Position |
|---|---|---|
| 1967 | Billboard 200 | 41 |
References
edit- ^ "FZ Chronology 1965-69". Donlope. 2001. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- ^ Ulrich, Charles (May 13, 2018). The Big Note: A Guide to the Recordings of Frank Zappa. New Star Books. ISBN 978-1-554201-46-4.
- ^ Reed, Ryan (4 July 2020). "Top 25 American Classic Rock Bands of the '60s". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ Grimstad, Paul (September 2007). "What is Avant-Pop?". Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ a b Absolutely Free libretto
- ^ "The Mothers Tapes (Spool Three)- Don Preston". Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ Fricke, David (April 1979). "Bad Taste is Timeless: Cruising Down Memory Lane With Frank Zappa". Trouser Press. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Zappa, Frank (31 August – 13 September 1967). "Mothers of Inventions: The Lyrics are Absolutely Free". International Times. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ a b c Kofsky, Frank (October 1967). "Frank Zappa: The Mothers of Invention". Jazz & Pop. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ Atkins, Jamie (26 May 2024). "Absolutely Free: Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention's Early Classic". Udiscover Music. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ a b Huey, Steve. "Absolutely Free – The Mothers of Invention". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ Larkin, Colin (2002). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857125958.
- ^ Strong, Martin C. (2024). The Great Rock Bible (1st ed.). Red Planet Books. ISBN 978-1-9127-3328-6.
- ^ Henderson, Paul (28 January 1989). "Slippery Customers". Kerrang!. No. 223. p. 18. ISSN 0262-6624.
- ^ Gary Graff, ed. (1996). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide (1st ed.). London: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-0-7876-1037-1.
- ^ Marchini, Massimo. "Frank Zappa". OndaRock (in Italian). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ Sheffield, Rob (2004). "Frank Zappa". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). London: Fireside Books. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ jimmy, praise (26 May 2013). "Review: The Mothers of Invention - Absolutely Free". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ Cavanagh, David. "Frank Zappa/The Mothers of Invention reissues". uncut.co.uk. Uncut. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ a b Christgau, Robert (20 December 1976). "Christgau's Consumer Guide to 1967". The Village Voice. New York. p. 69. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- ^ "Billboard Album Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. 1 July 1967. p. 68. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ James, Billy (2002). Necessity Is: The Early Years of Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention. p. 51. ISBN 9780946719518.
- ^ Keeley, Matt (3 December 2018). "Frank Zappa and the Mothers' 'Absolutely Free' Finds a Way Around the Sophomore Slump". Kittysneezes. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020.