The Abraham Lincoln Brigade (Spanish: Brigada Abraham Lincoln) was the name given to the 2,800 Americans who volunteered to fight for the Spanish Republic against the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War.[1] The Americans were organized into several battalions (Lincoln Battalion, Washington Battalion, etc.) that were assigned to the XV International Brigade (XV Brigada Internacional), which was one of many such mixed brigades within the International Brigades.
| XV International Brigade Abraham Lincoln Brigade | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | 1936–1939 |
| Country | United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia, France, Belgium, and Cuba |
| Allegiance | .svg){kind=small} Spain |
| Branch |  International Brigades |
| Type | Mixed Brigade – Infantry |
| Role | Home Defence |
| Size | Four battalions: the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th (January 1937) |
| Part of | 35th Division (1937–1939) |
| Garrison/HQ | Albacete, Barcelona |
| Nickname(s) | Brigada Abraham Lincoln |
| March | Jarama Valley and Viva la XV Brigada |
| Engagements | Spanish Civil War |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Janos Galicz Vladimir Ćopić Robert Hale Merriman Milton Wolff Veli Dedi |
History
editThe XVth Brigade mustered at Albacete in January 1937. It consisted of mainly English-speaking volunteers – arranged into the mostly British Saklatvala Battalion and mostly North American Lincoln Battalion. The XVth also included two non-English-speaking battalions, the Balkan Dimitrov Battalion and the Franco-Belgian Sixth February Battalion. The brigade fought at Jarama, Brunete, Boadilla, Belchite, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel and the Ebro River.
The brigade's first combat, at the Battle of Jarama in February 1937, resulted in heavy casualties. The British lost 225 men out of 600,[2] the Lincolns 120 out of 500.[3] After the battle, the brigade was seriously undermanned.[citation needed]
At the end of March, a Spanish battalion, Voluntario 24 (the 24th Volunteers), joined the brigade. Over the next few months, under the close supervision of Janos Galicz, the XVth was re-organized into two regiments of about 1,200 men. Galicz appointed "the gallant major",[4] George Nathan, as brigade Chief of Staff.
The first regiment, commanded by Jock Cunningham, with Harry Haywood as political commissar,[5] was English-speaking and comprised the depleted British and Lincolns, as well as the recently formed but under-strength second battalion of American volunteers, known as the George Washington Battalion. The second regiment was commanded by Major "Chapaiev" (Mihaly Szalvay)[5] and consisted of the Dimitrov Battalion, the Sixth February Battalion, and the Voluntario 24 Battalion.
This was the composition of the XVth Brigade in July 1937 for the Battle of Brunete. As with the Battle of Jarama, the brigade suffered severe casualties; the brigade strength was reduced from six to four battalions. In particular, the two American battalions were so depleted that they merged to form the Lincoln-Washington Battalion.[6] (This name did not last: it was renamed the Lincoln Battalion in October 1937.) The Sixth February Battalion, which also suffered massive casualties, was transferred after Brunete. After Belchite, the nominally Canadian Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion joined the brigade, while the Dimitrov Battalion departed.[citation needed]
The XVth International Brigade included African Americans in fully integrated units, unlike what was allowed in the U.S. Army in the 1930s.[7] The brigade also included volunteers from Canada and Latin America, some of whom felt slighted and mistreated by the Americans, and left the XVth to join other units such as El Campesino's First Mobile Shock Brigade.[8][9]
During the autumn of 1937, the units of the International Brigade were consolidated into the Spanish Popular Army and the Battalions were re-numbered. The British Bn became the 57th, the Lincoln-Washington the 58th, the Spanish (formerly known as the 24th), became the 59th and the Mackenzie-Papineau the 60th. The battalion line-up remained stable through the withdrawal of the Internationals during the Ebro Campaign.[citation needed]
Music was an important means of lifting spirits within the International Brigades. The XVth Brigade's songs were "Jarama Valley" and "Viva la Quince Brigada".[10] After an invitation from J. B. S. Haldane,[11] American singer and activist Paul Robeson traveled to Spain in 1938 to bolster the Republican cause.[12] He visited the Benicàssim hospital and sang to the wounded soldiers.[13] He also visited the battlefront[14] and provided a morale boost at a time when Republican victory seemed increasingly unlikely.[12]
On 13 March 2015, Dan Kaufman interviewed Delmer Berg, who at 99 years old was believed to be the last known survivor of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.[15] Berg died the following year on 28 February.[16]
Overview of battalions
editDate joined Number Battalion Name Composition Date left Comments 31 Jan 1937 16th/57th Saklatvala Battalion British, Irish, Dominion 23 Sep 1938 Demobilized 31 Jan 1937 17th/58th Lincoln Battalion American, Canadian, Irish, British 23 Sep 1938 Demobilized 31 Jan 1937 18th Dimitrov Battalion Bulgarian, Greek and Yugoslav 20 Sep 1937 Moved to 45th Div. Reserve 31 Jan 1937 19th Sixth February Battalion French and Belgian 4 Aug 1937 Moved to 14th Brigade 14 Mar 1937 24th/59th Voluntario 24 Battalion Cuban 10 Nov 1937 Moved to a Spanish Mixed brigade 29 Jun 1937 60th Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion American and Canadian 23 Sep 1938 Demobilized 4 Jul 1937 20th Washington Battalion American 14 Jul 1937 Merged with Lincoln Battalion[17]
- Sub-battalion units attached to the Brigade
- Brigade Anti-Tank Company
- XVth Brigade Photographic Unit (Aug 1937 – Sep 1938) Archive
- Connolly Column
Notable members
edit- Bill Bailey – American communist labor activist and actor
- Ralph Bates – English novelist and first editor of Volunteer for Liberty newspaper
- Delmer Berg – American political activist
- Alvah Bessie – American screenwriter
- Archie Brown – American communist labor activist
- Edward A. Carter Jr. – American Medal of Honor recipient
- Theodore Cogswell – American science fiction writer
- Fred Copeman – English battalion commander
- Milan Ćopić – Yugoslav prison warden
- Vladimir Ćopić – Yugoslav brigade commander
- Jock Cunningham – Scottish battalion commander
- Petar Dapčević – Yugoslav commander
- Malcolm Dunbar – British chief of staff
- Ralph Fasanella – American painter
- Janos Galicz – Hungarian division commander
- William Lindsay Gresham – American novelist, volunteer medic
- William Herrick – American novelist
- Jack Jones – English company commissar
- Oliver Law – American battalion commander
- James Maley – Scottish political activist
- Roland Masferrer – Cuban political activist
- Robert Hale Merriman – American brigade chief of staff
- Conlon Nancarrow – Mexican-American composer
- George Nathan – British brigade chief of staff
- Steve Nelson – American commissar
- Paddy O'Daire – Irish battalion commander
- Abe Osheroff – American activist
- Edwin Rolfe – American poet and editor of Volunteer for Liberty
- Frank Ryan – Irish commissar
- Milton Wolff – American author and commander of the Lincoln Battalion
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ "Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives - FAQs". ALBA.
- ^ Beevor (2006), p. 211.
- ^ Beevor (2006), p. 214.
- ^ Thomas (2001), p. 693.
- ^ a b Eby (2007), p. 174.
- ^ Eby (2007), p. 196 "... losses in killed and wounded approached four hundred out of close to eight hundred just eight days before..."
- ^ "Online Lesson: African Americans in the Spanish Civil War". ALBA (Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives). Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- ^ Petrou, Michael (2008). Renegades: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War, pp. 109-110. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774858281.
- ^ "Spaniards and Latinos in the International Brigades". The Volunteer. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Viva la Quinta Brigada was misnamed in the 1970s song "Viva la Quinta Brigada" by Christy Moore.
- ^ Beevor (2006), p. 356.
- ^ a b Wyden (1983), pp. 433–34.
- ^ "Paul Robeson". Rutas Culturales. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ^ Beevor (2006), p. 356; cf. Eby (2007), pp. 279–80, Landis (1967), pp. 245–46
- ^
Kaufman, Dan (13 March 2015). "The Last Volunteer". The New York Times Magazine. p. MM38. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
Del Berg, 99, is the last known surviving veteran of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, a contingent of nearly 3,000 Americans who fought to defend the democratically elected government during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (3 March 2016). "Delmer Berg, Last of American Volunteers in Spanish Civil War, Dies at 100". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ Briefly known as the Washington-Lincoln Battalion
Sources
edit- Books
- Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain.
- Eby, Cecil (2007). Comrades and Commissars.
- Landis, Arthur H. (1967). The Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Citadel Press.
- Thomas, Hugh (2001). The Spanish Civil War (4th Rev. ed.).
- Wyden, Peter (1983). The Passionate War: The Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0671253301.
- Websites
- EPR Order of Battle Website (in Spanish)
- Associació Catalana Website (in Catalan)
Further reading
edit- Bradley, Ken (26 May 1994). International Brigades in Spain 1936–39. Chappel, Mike (illus.). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1855323674.
- Raeburn, Fraser (2022). "'The Surest of All Morale Barometers': Transnational Encounters in the XV International Brigade". Contemporary European History. 31 (1): 85–99. doi:10.1017/S0960777321000217. S2CID 237807295.
External links
edit- Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at NYU.