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Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz (Arabic: عبد الإله بن علي الهاشمي) GCB, GCMG, GCVO (Arabic: عبد الإله; also written Abdul Ilah or Abdullah; 14 November 1913 – 14 July 1958) was a cousin and brother-in-law of King Ghazi of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and was regent for his nephew King Faisal II, from 4 April 1939 to 23 May 1953, when Faisal came of age. Abd al-Ilah also held the title of Crown Prince of Iraq from 1943 to 1953.[2]
| Abd al-Ilah | |
|---|---|
| Crown Prince | |
 Portrait by Cecil Beaton, c. 1939-45 | |
| Regent of the Kingdom of Iraq | |
| Regency | 4 April 1939 – 1 April 1941 |
| Monarch | Faisal II |
| Regency | 1 June 1941 – 2 May 1953 |
| Monarch | Faisal II |
| Crown Prince of Hejaz | |
| Tenure | 3 October 1924 – 19 December 1925 |
| Monarch | Ali bin Hussein I |
| Predecessor | Ali bin Hussein |
| Crown Prince of Iraq | |
| Tenure | 10 November 1943 – 14 July 1958 |
| Monarch | Faisal II |
| Predecessor | Faisal II |
| Born | 14 November 1913 Ta'if, Hejaz Vilayet, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 14 July 1958 (aged 44) Baghdad, Arab Federation |
| Spouse |
|
| House | House of Hashem |
| Father | Ali of Hejaz |
| Mother | Nafissa Khanum |
| Religion | Sunni Islam[1] |
Abd al-Ilah was killed along with the rest of the Iraqi royal family in the 14 July Revolution in 1958 that ended the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq. His body was mutilated, dragged across the streets of Baghdad, and eventually burnt.
Biography
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Son and heir of King Ali ibn Hussein of Hejaz, who was the elder brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, and brother of Aliya bint Ali. His family fled Hejaz when Ibn Saud of Nejd usurped his father's authority.[2] Upon King Ghazi's death in an automobile accident, Abd al-Ilah assumed power in Iraq as Regent for the under-age King Faisal II.[2]
1941 Iraqi coup d'état
editDuring World War II, Abd al-Ilah was deposed briefly by former Prime Minister Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. Rashid Ali led a pro-German coup d'état against Abd al-Ilah's pro-British government. After he fled the country, Abd al-Ilah was replaced as regent by Sharaf bin Rajeh, an ageing, religious relative of Faisal II.[3] Abd al-Ilah, fearing for his life, was taken on a daring escape route that led via the US embassy in Baghdad to the RAF base at Habbaniya, before reaching the safety of the British warship HMS Cockchafer and eventually the city of Jerusalem.[4] The deposed regent spent his time with former Prime Minister Nuri al-Said as a refugee in Amman. During his time in exile, Abd al-Ilah was a guest of his uncle Abdullah, the Emir of Transjordan.[3]
On 2 May, the United Kingdom launched an offensive against the Iraqi rebels. On 26 May, The New York Times newspaper reported that Abd al-Ilah had called for an uprising of tribal and religious leaders to help him overthrow the insurgent government. He appealed specifically to the Iraqi people, the army and the police to accomplish "this heavy task".
By 2 June, Rashid Ali's "National Defense Government" had collapsed, and Rashid Ali had fled to Iran. Abd al-Ilah returned to Baghdad and was restored as regent.[5]
Working in tandem with Nuri al-Said, Abd al-Ilah pursued a moderate nationalist approach while maintaining close ties to the Allies.[2]
In 1942, Wendell Willkie travelled to Britain and the Middle East as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal representative. In Iraq, Abdul Ilah held a lavish state dinner attended by Willkie.[6]
In 1945, Abd al-Ilah visited the United States. He was the honored guest at the first state dinner hosted by the new American First Lady, Bess Truman.[7] The regent of "friendly Iraq" was awarded a Legion of Merit military decoration by President Harry S. Truman.[8]
In 1953, Crown Prince Abd al-Ilah stepped down when Faisal II came of age. But he continued to be a close adviser of the young King, and an advocate of a pro-Western foreign policy.
In 1955, Iraq adopted the Baghdad Pact (also known as the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO). The other members of the organization were Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The organization's headquarters were initially located in Baghdad.
In May 1957, King Saud of Saudi Arabia made an eight-day visit to Iraq. He was met on his arrival by Faisal II, Abd al-Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said. It was the Saudi king's first ever visit to Iraq, and it commemorated Iraq's membership in the Arab Federation and its break with the United Arab Republic of Gamal Abdel Nasser.[9]
Death
edit14 July Revolution
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On 14 July 1958, a coup d'état led by Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim toppled the government and brought an end to the Iraqi monarchy. In the ensuing violence brought on by the coup, Abd al-Ilah was killed, along with most of the royal family, at the Al-Rehab Palace. The body of Crown Prince Abd al-Ilah was trailed on al-Rashid street and was cut into pieces. According to the 21 July edition of Time magazine, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Middle East News Agency gleefully described the assassination of Crown Prince Abd al-Ilah: 'The people dragged Abd al-Ilah's body into the street like that of a dog and tore it limb from limb.' Then the mobs burned the body, and hung it at the Ministry of Defense gates.[10][11]
Private life
editIn his book Closet Queens, about 20th century British gay politicians, historian and biographer Michael Bloch mentions Prince Abd al-Ilah (whom he calls Prince Abdulilah), on page 157. Bloch describes Prince Abd al-Ilah as being "homosexual" and a close friend of Alan Lennox-Boyd, MP (who was later elevated to the peerage, in 1960, as the 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton). Bloch says that after Abd al-Ilah was killed, "the revolutionaries discovered intimate letters from Lennox-Boyd among the Prince's papers, which they released to the world's press."
On page 159 of the book, Bloch says that Lennox-Boyd and Henry Channon organized a memorial service for their friend, the Prince, in 1958.[12]
In the early 1950s he told a Turkish diplomat that he was very fond of the Club rakı, a brand of Turkish rakı.[13]
Military ranks and awards
editAbd al-Ilah held the following ranks:[citation needed]
He was awarded the Legion of Merit (Chief Commander) on 1 June 1945.
- Poland (in exile): Order of the White Eagle, 1947.
Hashemite genealogy
edit
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ "IRAQ – Resurgence in the Shiite World – Part 8 – Jordan & The Hashemite Factors". APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map. 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d "'Abd al-Ilah". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- ^ a b "Trouble in Paradise". TIME. 21 April 1941. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
- ^ Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles of Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Osprey Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 1841769916.
- ^ Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.
- ^ "Points East". TIME. 28 September 1942. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ "Family at Home". TIME. 4 June 1945. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ "Talk & Ceremony". TIME. 11 June 1945. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ "Gathering of Kings". TIME. 25 May 1957. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
- ^ "Revolt in Baghdad". TIME. 21 July 1958. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ Karsh, Efraim (2002). Saddam Hussein: a political biography. Grove Press.
- ^ Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408704127.
- ^ Nicholas Danforth (2021). The Remaking of Republican Turkey Memory and Modernity since the Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 150. doi:10.1017/9781108973779. ISBN 9781108973779. S2CID 242353821.
- ^ Kamal Salibi (15 December 1998). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860643316. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ "Family tree". alhussein.gov. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Further reading
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- Churchill, Winston (1985) [1950]. "Chapter 14: The Revolt in Iraq". The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-41057-6.
- O'Sullivan, Christopher (2012). FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-02524-1.