Aaron Novick (June 24, 1919 – December 21, 2000) is considered one of the founders of molecular biology. He started the University of Oregon's Institute of Molecular Biology, believed to be the first of its kind in the world, in 1959.
Aaron Novick | |
|---|---|
| Born | June 24, 1919 Toledo, Ohio, United States |
| Died | December 21, 2000 (aged 81) Eugene, Oregon, United States |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago |
| Known for | chemostat feedback inhibition |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Chemistry, Molecular Biology |
| Institutions | University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory Los Alamos Laboratory University of Oregon |
| Thesis | I. A kinetic study of the chromic acid oxidation of isopropyl alcohol. II. The iodination of fibroin. (1943) |
A graduate of the University of Chicago, he completed his doctorate in physical organic chemistry there in 1943, and then joined the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory. He later worked at its Los Alamos Laboratory, and witnessed the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945.
Early life
editAaron Novick was born in Toledo, Ohio, on June 24, 1919, the son of Polish immigrants Sam and Rose Haring Novick.[1][2] His father worked as a tailor. He had two sisters, Esther and Mary, and a brother, Meyer. In 1936, he and Meyer built a telescope to watch Peltier's comet.[2][3] Later that year, they built a larger telescope, for which they painstakingly ground a 6.5 inches (170 mm) lens.[2] He attended Woodward High School, where he played on the football team and was editor of the student newspaper. He graduated in 1937, and was elected to its Hall of Fame in 1986.[2]
Novick was awarded a scholarship by the University of Chicago,[4] where he earned a Bachelor of Science (SB) degree in chemistry in 1940.[5] He went to on complete his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) there, writing his two-part 1943 thesis on "A kinetic study of the chromic acid oxidation of isopropyl alcohol" and "The iodination of fibroin".[6][7]
Manhattan Project
editAfter completing his degree, Novick joined the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago,[7] where he worked on the design of the nuclear reactors at the Hanford Site in Eastern Washington that were used to produce plutonium for atomic bombs. He was then transferred to the Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where he worked on the preparations for the Trinity nuclear test, witnessing the blast on July 16, 1945.[4] "I will never forget the sight of that explosion", he later told his parents, "the thing is really terrific".[2]
A similar bomb was used in the bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.[8] He later expressed regret that he and his fellow scientists did not pay much attention to the moral and ethical issues of the use of nuclear weapons, as they were absorbed in the urgency and importance of their work, and fixated on the grim casualties lists in the newspapers.[4]
After the war ended, Novick returned to Chicago, where he worked with Herbert L. Anderson at the Manhattan Project's Argonne National Laboratory, studying the properties of tritium, an important component in nuclear weapons. Tritium could be manufactured in nuclear reactors and used to produce helium-3, a crucial material in cryogenics research and in neutron detection. They measured the magnetic moment of both tritium and helium-3,[9][10] and Novick measured the half-life of tritium.[11]
Later life
editIn 1947, Novick became an associate professor at the University of Chicago.[5] He teamed up with Leo Szilard, with whom he had worked at the Metallurgical Laboratory during the war. Szilard had secured a research professorship at the University of Chicago that allowed him to dabble in biology and the social sciences. The two men saw biology as a field that had not been explored as much as physics, and that was ready for scientific breakthroughs.[12] They made considerable advances. They invented the chemostat, a device for regulating the growth rate of the microorganisms in a bioreactor,[13][14] and developed methods for measuring the growth rate of bacteria. They discovered feedback inhibition, an important factor in processes such as growth and metabolism.[15]
Novick married Jane Graham, a 1945 University of Chicago alumna, in Chicago on January 25, 1948.[1][5] They had two sons, David and Adam.[2] In 1953, he spent a year at the Pasteur Institute in Paris as a Guggenheim Fellow.[7][16] He left the University of Chicago in 1958 and moved to Eugene, Oregon, where he became director of the new Institute of Molecular Biology at the University of Oregon on January 1, 1959.[7] It is believed to be the first research institute in the world to include "molecular biology" in its title,[17] and Novick is considered one of the founders of molecular biology.[1]
Franklin W. Stahl, one of the researchers that Novick recruited, said that "I think his life's major achievement was the wisdom in which he guided this institute. He went for a model of an intellectual commune, where ideas could be aggressively shared between research groups."[2] Novick built the Institute up from a single laboratory with one staff member, himself, to a multimillion-dollar research institute with many laboratories and dozens of research staff.[4] He investigated the processes by which genes are switched on and off, demonstrating that when one is turned on, it causes synthesis of messenger RNA, while when one is turned off, a protein must bind to the gene.[18] He was posthumously awarded the Medical Research Foundation of Oregon's Pioneer Award.[17]
For many years, Novick participated actively in the Atomic Scientists movement, and he served on the editorial board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.[7] In 1969, he was part of a successful campaign by Eugene residents to prevent the Eugene Water & Electric Board from switching to nuclear power. He was opposed to the Vietnam War, and at a meeting of the Arms Control Forum he was jeered by students shouting "Go back to Russia, you commies!"[19]
Novick's career as a researcher ended when he became Dean of the Graduate School in 1971. He subsequently served as head of the Biology Department and as director of the Institute of Molecular Biology again. He retired in 1984, but remained director on a part-time basis until he became a professor emeritus in 1990. In later life he was afflicted with Parkinson's disease. He died from pneumonia in Eugene on December 21, 2000.[2] He was survived by his ex-wife and two sons.[1] He had been asked what he would like to have said about him at a memorial service.[18] He said: "Say I was honest and a Democrat."[18]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d "Aaron Novick". The Register-Guard. December 26, 2000. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Toledoan a nuclear, biological pioneer". Toledo Blade. December 24, 2000. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ "Peltier's comet seen". Courier-Mail. National Library of Australia. August 7, 1936. p. 13. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ a b c d "A remarkable man – Aaron Novick dedicated life to science, arms control". The Register-Guard. December 23, 2000. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ a b c "Deaths – Faculty, Staff, and Friends". University of Chicago Magazine. April 2001. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ "I. A kinetic study of the chromic acid oxidation of isopropyl alcohol. II. The iodination of fibroin". University of Chicago. OCLC 81265262. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Who is Who – 12th Annual World Affairs Conference" (PDF). April 6–11, 1959. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 394–397.
- ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 417.
- ^ Anderson, H. L.; Novick, Aaron (April 1948). "Magnetic Moment of He3". Physical Review. 73 (8). American Physical Society: 919. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73Q.919A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.919.
- ^ Novick, Aaron (November 1947). "Half-Life of Tritium". Physical Review. 72 (10): 972. Bibcode:1947PhRv...72..972N. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.72.972.2.
- ^ Lanouette & Silard 1992, pp. 377–378.
- ^ Grivet, Jean-Philippe (January 1, 2001). "Nonlinear population dynamics in the chemostat" (PDF). Computing in Science and Engineering. 3 (1): 48–55. Bibcode:2001CSE.....3a..48G. doi:10.1109/5992.895187. ISSN 1521-9615. The chemostat was independently invented the same year by Jacques Monod.
- ^ Novick, Aaron; Szilard, Leo (December 15, 1950). "Description of the Chemostat". Science. 112 (2920): 715–716. Bibcode:1950Sci...112..715N. doi:10.1126/science.112.2920.715. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14787503.
- ^ Hargittai 2006, pp. 143–144.
- ^ "Aaron Novick". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ a b "It's a Party: Institute of Molecular Biology celebrates 50 years". Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ a b c Stahl, Franklin W. "Meeting of the University Assembly 20 May 2001". University of Oregon. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ Bears, George (January 26, 2001). "Aaron Novick helped build bomb, then atoned for it". The Oregonian. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
References
edit- Hargittai, István (2006). The Martians of Science: Five Physicists Who Changed the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517845-6. OCLC 62084304.
- Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
- Lanouette, William; Silard, Bela (1992). Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilárd: The Man Behind The Bomb. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 1-62636-023-5. OCLC 25508555.
- Novick, Aaron (May 24, 1947). Half-life of Tritium. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission. OCLC 609158581. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
