Wikipedia

2018 California wildfires

The 2018 wildfire season was the deadliest and most destructive wildfire season in California history. It was also the largest on record at the time, now third after the 2020 and 2021 California wildfire seasons.[18][19][20] In 2018, there were a total of 103 confirmed fatalities, 24,226 structures damaged or destroyed, and 8,527 fires burning 1,975,086 acres (799,289 ha), about 2% of the state's 100 million acres of land. Through the end of August 2018, Cal Fire alone spent $432 million on operations.[21] The catastrophic Camp Fire alone killed at least 85 people, destroyed 18,804 buildings and caused $16.5 billion in property damage, while overall the fires resulted in at least $26.347 billion in property damage and firefighting costs,[13][15][16][17][14] including $25.4 billion in property damage and $947 million in fire suppression costs.[13][14]

2018 California wildfires
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2
3
4
5
1
Garner Complex
2
Natchez Fire
3
Carr Fire
4
Mendocino Complex Fire
5
Ferguson Fire
An August 1, 2018, satellite image of the wildfires burning in Northern California and Southern Oregon; smoke can be seen trailing northeastward over Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho
Statistics[1][2][3]
Total fires8,527
Total area1,975,086 acres (799,289 ha)
Impacts
Deaths97 civilians and 6 firefighters[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Non-fatal injuriesAt least 80
Structures destroyed24,226
Damage>$26.347 billion (2018 USD) (Costliest on record)[13][14][15][16][17]
Map
A map of wildfires in California in 2018, using Cal Fire data
A map of wildfires in California in 2018, using Cal Fire data
Season
← 2017
2019 →

In mid-July to August 2018, a series of large wildfires erupted across California, mostly in the northern part of the state. On August 4, 2018, a national disaster was declared in Northern California, due to the extensive wildfires burning there.[22]

The Carr Fire in July and August 2018 caused more than $1.5 billion (2018 USD) in property damage.[17][23][24][25] The Mendocino Complex Fire burned more than 459,000 acres (186,000 ha), becoming the largest complex fire in the state's history at the time, with the complex's Ranch Fire surpassing the Thomas Fire and the Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 to become California's single-largest recorded wildfire.[26][27] In September 2020, the August Complex surpassed the Mendocino Complex to become California's single-largest recorded wildfire.[28]

In November 2018, strong winds aggravated conditions in another round of large, destructive fires that occurred across the state. This new batch of wildfires included the Woolsey Fire and the Camp Fire. The Camp Fire destroyed the town of Paradise and killed at least 85 people, with 1 still unaccounted for as of August 2, 2019.[29] The Camp Fire destroyed more than 18,000 structures, becoming both California's deadliest and most destructive wildfire on record. AccuWeather estimated the total economic cost of the 2018 wildfires at $400 billion (2018 USD), which includes property damage, firefighting costs, direct and indirect economic losses, as well as recovery expenditures.[30] Another study, published two years after the fires, estimated the total damages at $148.5 billion, including capital losses, health costs and indirect losses.[31]

Causes

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Several factors led to the destructiveness of the 2018 California wildfire season. A combination of increased fuel loading and atmospheric conditions influenced by global warming led to a series of destructive fires. Primary causes of wildfire vary geographically based on many factors, such as topography.[32] For example, characteristically dense forests in the Sierra Nevada Mountains harbor fuel-driven fires while the open central valley from the south Bay Area to San Diego County are more prone to wind-driven fire over dry grasslands.[32]

Increase in fuel

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A direct contributor to the 2018 California wildfires was an increase in dead tree fuel.[33] By December 2017, there were a record 129 million dead trees in California.[34] Tree mortality is linked to a period during the 2010s of "anomalously warm droughts" [35] that were severe and long-lasting enough to stand out even amongst California's existing history of wildfires and exceptionally dry conditions.[32] One study focused on the concentrated mortality of densely populated conifers of the Sierra Nevada "found that die-off was closely tied to multi-year deep-rooting-zone drying" and that severity of that dryness can be used to predict mortality.[35] Such drought leaves trees stressed for water, which makes them susceptible to beetle infestation and exacerbates tree mortality further.[36]

Drought intensity lessened in California by 2017,[37] but the effects of tree mortality linger for years. One study expresses a lack of sufficient data to confidently determine the rate of coniferous tree decay in the Sierra Nevada.[38] Nonetheless, it is a gradual process, and the remaining dead tree matter is an optimal fuel source for future wild fires.

Atmospheric conditions

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Stanford Earth System Science Professor Noah Diffenbaugh stated that atmospheric conditions for California wildfires are expected to worsen in the future because of the effects of climate change in California and that "what we're seeing over the last few years in terms of the wildfire season in California [is] very consistent with the historical trends in terms of increasing temperatures, increasing dryness, and increasing wildfire risk." Other experts agreed, saying that global warming is to blame for these extreme weather conditions. Global warming has led to higher temperatures and longer summers, creating a drier landscape that gave fires more fuel to burn longer and stronger.

[39] Research published August 2018 predicted an increase in the number of wildfires in California as a consequence of climate change.[40] However, from a historical perspective, it has been estimated that prior to 1850, about 4.5 million acres (17,000 km2) burned yearly, in fires that lasted for months.[41]

Residential construction in the wildland-urban interface

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A wildland–urban interface (or WUI) refers to the zone of transition between unoccupied land and human development. Communities that are within 0.5 miles (0.80  km) of the zone may also be included. These lands and communities adjacent to and surrounded by wildlands are at risk of wildfires.[42] Since the 1990s, over 43% of new residential buildings have been constructed in this area. In some areas, the amount of new residences in those areas is 80%.[43] In the past, when these areas burned, no residences were lost, but now residences are present, which end up being destroyed.[44] Furthermore, a "century of successful fire suppression" performed in an attempt to protect forests and those living in WUIs has also disrupted natural cycles of disturbance and renewed succession of an ecosystem by allowing fuel to reach abnormal density levels discussed above.

[32]

Air quality

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Air quality of California on August 7, 2018

Northern California and the Central Valley saw drastic increases in air pollutants during the height of the July and August fires, while Southern California also experienced an increase in air pollution in August.[45] Air quality in Northern and Central California remained poor until mid-September 2018, when fire activity was drastically diminished. However, during the November Camp Fire, air quality diminished again, with the majority of the Bay Area being subjected to air quality indexes (AQIs) of 200 and above, in the "unhealthy" region.

Wildfires

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The following is a list of fires that burned more than 1,000 acres (400 ha), or produced significant structural damage or loss of life.

Name County Acres Start date Containment date Notes Ref
Pleasant Inyo 2,070 February 18, 2018 April 3, 2018 First significant wildfire of the year [46]
Moffat Inyo 1,265 April 19, 2018 May 21, 2018 [47]
Nees Merced 1,756 May 2, 2018 May 17, 2018 [48]
Patterson Riverside 1,261 May 17, 2018 May 21, 2018 [49]
Panoche San Benito 64 June 4, 2018 June 7, 2018 3 civilians killed [50][4]
Stone Los Angeles 1,352 June 4, 2018 June 13, 2018 [51]
Airline San Benito 1,314 June 4, 2018 June 14, 2018 [52]
Apple Tehama 2,956 June 9, 2018 June 14, 2018 3 residential structures and 2 outbuildings destroyed [53]
Chrome Glenn 2,290 June 9, 2018 June 21, 2018 1 outbuilding destroyed [54]
Lions Madera 13,347 June 11, 2018 October 1, 2018 [55][56]
Planada Merced 4,564 June 15, 2018 June 21, 2018 [57]
Yankee San Luis Obispo 1,500 June 20, 2018 July 1, 2018 [58]
Lane Tehama 3,716 June 23, 2018 July 4, 2018 1 injury [59]
Pawnee Lake 15,185 June 23, 2018 July 8, 2018 22 structures destroyed, 1 injury [60]
Creek Madera 1,678 June 24, 2018 July 5, 2018 4 residential structures and 7 minor structures destroyed [61]
Waverly San Joaquin 12,300 June 29, 2018 July 2, 2018 [62]
County Lake, Napa, Yolo 90,288 June 30, 2018 July 14, 2018 20 structures destroyed; 1 firefighter injured [63]
Klamathon Siskiyou 38,008 July 5, 2018 July 16, 2018 82 structures destroyed; 3 injuries, 1 civilian killed [64][65]
Valley San Bernardino 1,350 July 6, 2018 October 22, 2018 5 injured [66][67][17]
Holiday Santa Barbara 113 July 6, 2018 July 11, 2018 20 structures destroyed [68]
Pendleton Complex San Diego 1,800 July 6, 2018 July 11, 2018 Originated as 3 separate fires; burned in Camp Pendleton [69][70]
West San Diego 504 July 6, 2018 July 11, 2018 56 structures destroyed [71]
Georges Inyo 2,883 July 8, 2018 July 18, 2018 This was about the time that the wildfire outbreak started and some of the worst wildfires of the season, including the Carr and Mendocino Complex, aka the Ranch Fire/ River Fire, began. [72][73][17]
Ferguson Mariposa 96,901 July 13, 2018 August 18, 2018 19 firefighters injured, 2 firefighters killed; 10 structures destroyed [5][74]
Eagle Modoc 2,100 July 13, 2018 July 17, 2018 [75][17]
Natchez Del Norte, Siskiyou 38,134 July 15, 2018 October 30, 2018 [76][77]
Carr Shasta 229,651 July 23, 2018 August 30, 2018 1,079 residences, 22 commercial structures, 503 outbuildings destroyed
190 residences, 26 commercial structures, and 63 outbuildings damaged
3 firefighters and 5 civilians killed		 [78]
Cranston Riverside 13,139 July 26, 2018 August 10, 2018 12 buildings destroyed [79]
Mendocino Complex Mendocino, Lake, Colusa, Glenn 459,123 July 27, 2018 September 18, 2018 The Ranch and River Fires are collectively called the Mendocino Complex Fire
157 residential buildings destroyed, 123 others destroyed
13 residential buildings and 24 other buildings damaged
1 firefighter killed, 4 firefighters injured		 [80][81][27][82]
Whaleback Lassen 18,703 July 27, 2018 August 7, 2018 [83]
Butte Sutter 1,200 July 31, 2018 August 3, 2018 [84]
Donnell Tuolumne 36,450 August 1, 2018 October 1, 2018 135 structures destroyed; 9 civilians injured [85]
Tarina Kern 2,950 August 3, 2018 August 6, 2018 [86]
Pendleton San Diego 1,000 August 5, 2018 August 6, 2018 Burned in Camp Pendleton [87]
Turkey Monterey 2,225 August 6, 2018 August 6, 2018 [88]
Holy Orange, Riverside 23,136 August 6, 2018 September 13, 2018 18 structures destroyed; 3 firefighters injured[89] [90][91][92]
Five Kings 2,995 August 6, 2018 August 8, 2018 [93]
Hirz Shasta 46,150 August 9, 2018 September 12, 2018 [94]
Hat Shasta 1,900 August 9, 2018 August 16, 2018 [95]
Nelson Solano 2,162 August 10, 2018 August 12, 2018 [96]
Stone Modoc 39,387 August 15, 2018 August 29, 2018 [97]
Mill Creek 1 Humboldt 3,674 August 16, 2018 August 30, 2018 [98]
Front San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara 1,014 August 19, 2018 August 29, 2018 [99]
North Placer 1,120 September 3, 2018 September 16, 2018 [100]
Boot Mono 6,974 September 4, 2018 September 15, 2018 [101]
Kerlin Trinity 1,751 September 4, 2018 September 17, 2018 [102]
Delta Shasta 63,311 September 5, 2018 October 7, 2018 Merged into the Hirz Fire; 20 structures destroyed [103]
Snell Napa 2,490 September 8, 2018 September 15, 2018 [104]
Charlie Los Angeles 3,380 September 22, 2018 October 1, 2018 [105][106]
Alder Tulare 4,653 October 4, 2018 December 7, 2018 Both of the Alder and Eden Fires, along with the Mountaineer, were the last fires to be taken out. All three were 100% Contained by the end of December 7. [107]
Eden Tulare 1,777 October 4, 2018 December 7, 2018 [108][109]
Branscombe Solano 4,700 October 7, 2018 November 9, 2018 4 structures destroyed [110][111]
Sun Tehama 3,889 October 7, 2018 October 12, 2018 [112]
Mountaineer Tulare 1,270 October 13, 2018 December 7, 2018 This fire, along with the Alder and Eden fires, were the last fires to be put out, marking the end of the fire season. [113]
Camp Butte 153,336 November 8, 2018 November 25, 2018

5 firefighters injured, 89 civilian deaths, 12 civilians injured, 1 civilian missing; 18,804 structures destroyed, 564 structures damaged; destroyed the town of Paradise. Costliest wildfire recorded in the modern era.

[114][115][29][15]
Nurse Solano 1,500 November 8, 2018 November 27, 2018 [116]
Hill Ventura 4,531 November 8, 2018 November 15, 2018 4 structures destroyed [117]
Woolsey Los Angeles, Ventura 96,949 November 8, 2018 November 22, 2018 3 civilians killed, 1,643 structures destroyed, 364 damaged [118][119][120]

Fatalities

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The Woolsey Fire encroaching on Malibu on November 9 2018

On June 4, the Panoche Fire broke out, in a series of three blazes that started in the San Benito County area. While the Panoche incident was the smallest of the three fires, burning only 64 acres (26 ha), the remains of three people were found in a destroyed camping trailer in the burn area.[4][121] The remains were believed to belong to a mother, a toddler, and an infant.[4][122]

On July 14, a Cal Fire bulldozer operator was killed while fighting the Ferguson Fire, becoming the first firefighter death of the season.[5]

On July 23, the Carr Fire broke out after a vehicle malfunctioned. While the Carr Fire burned in rural areas of Shasta County for the first few days, it crossed the Sacramento River and entered the city limits of Redding, California on the evening of July 26. By the next morning, two firefighters and four civilians had been killed.[6][7][123]

On July 29, a firefighter with the National Park Service was killed after a dead tree fell and struck him, while he was fighting the Ferguson Fire. He was "treated on scene, but died before he could be taken to the hospital".[8]

On August 4, a Pacific Gas and Electric Company employee was killed in a vehicle incident while working to restore services to areas impacted by the Carr Fire.[9]

On August 9, a Cal Fire heavy equipment mechanic was killed in a traffic incident while working at the Carr Fire.[10]

On August 13, a firefighter was killed while fighting the Mendocino Complex Fire.[11]

On November 8, 2018, 85 civilians were killed by the Camp Fire, while three firefighters were injured. The number dead had been listed at 87, lowered to 85 by early December when it was discovered one victim was put in several bags.[124] Three people [12] also died during the Woolsey Fire near Malibu.[125]

Verizon Wireless data throttling

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In August 2018, the Santa Clara County Fire Department raised claims against Verizon Wireless that their "unlimited" data service had been throttled while the fire department was attempting to contain the Mendocino Complex Fire. The Verizon contract stated that the department's plan would be throttled down to 200 kbit/s or 600 kbit/s once the department had used 25 GB in a single month. However, the contract stated that the usage related throttling would not apply in certain emergency situations, such as wildfire containment operations. The plan remained throttled, despite the department's notification to Verizon regarding the situation.[126][127]

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  •  
    Photograph of smoky sky near sunset in early August looking toward the west, in Sacramento, California. The smoke was produced by the wildfires.
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    California National Guard battles wildfires.
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    The Bay Bridge in San Francisco, California. The photo on the left was taken November 16, 2018 and the one on the right October 14, 2018.
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    Golden Gate Park as seen by drone during the Camp Fire

See also

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References

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