The 2008 Jos riots were riots involving Christians and Muslims over the result of a local election on 28 and 29 November 2008 in Jos, a city in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria.[1][2] Two days of rioting left hundreds injured and at least 761 dead.[3] The Nigerian army was deployed and by 30 November order was restored.[4]
Causes
editElectoral workers did not publicly list the winners of the elections, and rumours began that the election was won by the candidate of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), barrister Timothy Gyang Buba,[5] defeating the candidate for the All Nigerian Peoples Party. People from the largely Muslim Hausa community, began protesting even before the results were released, which results to clash that claims hundred of lives between the Muslims and Christians, who largely supported Buba.[6]
Similar riots in 2001 between Christians and Muslims in Jos also killed hundreds.[7] A 2004 riot in Yelwa, another town in Plateau State resulted in the so-called Yelwa Massacre. Fighting in the north-central Kaduna State when it tried to impose shari'a law in 2000, resulted in the partition of Kaduna. This was followed by the Kaduna riots of November 2002, resulting from Nigeria's hosting of the Miss World contest, which one of its contestants had won the previous year.[8]
Riots
editThe two days of rioting led to the death of at least 761 people,[3] and homes, mosques, churches and schools were damaged or burned by mobs.[9][10] The Nigerian Red Cross Society reported that 10,000 people fled their homes due to the riots,[2][11] and were living in government-provided shelters.[6] Nigerian soldiers were sent into Jos to break up the fighting and create a buffer zone between the Christians and Muslims.[12] Flights to and from Jos were cancelled and roads to the north were blocked.[13]
Effects
editJonah Jang, the governor of the Plateau State, imposed a 24-hour curfew on four districts of the city, and soldiers were permitted to "shoot on sight" to prevent more violence.[6] Human Rights Watch alleged that soldiers and police carried out more than 130 extrajudicial killings while responding to the riots.[9] Many armed youths of both sides were arrested at military roadblocks.[12] Police reported that more than 500 people were arrested as a result of the riots. But state officials said no one was successfully prosecuted.[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "7,070 displaced persons in 10 camps in Jos, Nigeria". Xinhua News Agency. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Riots 'kill hundreds in Nigeria'". BBC News. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ a b c Human Rights Watch (12 December 2013). "Leave Everything to God": Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria. pp. 45–47. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ^ Abubakar, Aminu. "Nigerian army takes over riot city". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ^ "Nigeria: Dozens Killed in Jos LG Election Riot". Allafrica.com. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ a b c "At Least 200 Die in Nigeria Clashes". The New York Times. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ "Nigerian president tours riot city". BBC. 17 October 2001. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ "Nigeria calls off Miss World show". BBC. 23 November 2002. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ^ a b Human Rights Watch (20 July 2009). Arbitrary Killings by Security Forces: Submission to the Investigative Bodies on the November 28-29, 2008 Violence in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ^ "300 bodies taken to mosque on 2nd day of Nigeria riots". CNN. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ "Nigerian army takes over city hit by Muslim-Christian clashes". The Telegraph. 30 November 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ a b "At least 200 killed in clashes in Nigeria". Reuters. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ Rice, Xan (30 November 2008). "Nigerian city counts its dead after days of Christian-Muslim riots". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
External links
edit- Blench, R. M., Daniel, P. & Hassan, Umaru (2003): Access rights and conflict over common pool resources in three states in Nigeria. Report to Conflict Resolution Unit, World Bank (extracted section on Jos Plateau)
- Human Rights Watch (2009), Arbitrary Killings by Security Forces: Submission to the Investigative Bodies on the November 28-29, 2008 Violence in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
- Human Rights Watch (2013), "Leave Everything to God": Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria Archived 21 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- Nkwocha, Stanley (1 December 2008). Jos: Blood On Its Streets, Again, Leadership (Abuja)
- Ostien, Philip (2009), Jonah Jang and the Jasawa: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Nigeria, in Muslim-Christian Relations in Africa