2004 Philippine general election

Presidential elections, legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 10, 2004. In the presidential election, incumbent president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won a full six-year term as president, with a margin of just over one million votes over her leading opponent, highly popular movie actor Fernando Poe Jr.

2004 Philippine general election

May 10, 2004
Registered	43,895,324
Turnout	33,510,092
2004 Philippine presidential election
May 10, 2004
Turnout	76.3% 10.2%
Nominee Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Fernando Poe Jr. Panfilo Lacson Party Lakas KNP LDP (Aquino wing) Running mate Noli de Castro Loren Legarda N/A Popular vote 12,905,808 11,782,232 3,510,080 Percentage 39.99% 36.51% 10.88%
President before election Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Lakas Elected President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Lakas
2004 Philippine vice presidential election
May 10, 2004
Candidate Noli de Castro Loren Legarda Party Independent KNP Popular vote 15,100,431 14,218,709 Percentage 49.80% 46.89%
Vice President before election Teofisto Guingona Jr. Independent Elected Vice President Noli de Castro Independent
2004 Philippine Senate election
May 10, 2004
12 (of the 24) seats in the Senate 13 seats needed for a majority
Alliance K4 KNP Seats won 7 5 Popular vote 132,793,971 95,953,367 Percentage 52.24 37.74
Senate President before election Franklin Drilon Liberal Elected Senate President Franklin Drilon Liberal
2004 Philippine House of Representatives elections
May 10, 2004
All 261 seats in the House of Representatives (including underhangs) 131 seats needed for a majority
Party Seats +/– Lakas 92 +13 NPC 53 +11 Liberal 29 +10 LDP 15 −6 Others 20 −1 Party-list 28 +12 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. Speaker before Speaker after Jose de Venecia Jr. Lakas Jose de Venecia Jr. Lakas

The elections were notable for several reasons. This election first saw the implementation of the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 (see Wikisource), which enabled Filipinos in over 70 countries to vote. This is also the first election since the 1986 People Power Revolution where an incumbent president ran in the presidential election. Under the 1987 Constitution, an elected president cannot run for another term. However, Arroyo was not elected president, but instead succeeded ousted President Joseph Estrada, who was earlier impeached with charges of plunder and corruption in 2000 and later convicted on the plunder charge but received conditional pardon from Arroyo.

Moreover, this was the first time since 1986 that both the winning president and vice president were under the same party/coalition. This election was also held at a period in modern Philippines marked by serious political polarization. This resulted in lesser candidates for the presidential and vice presidential elections compared to the 1992 and 1998 elections.

Background

The political climate leading up to the 2004 elections was one of the most emotional in the country's history since the 1986 elections that resulted in the exile of Ferdinand Marcos. Philippine society has become polarized between the followers of former president Joseph Estrada who have thrown their support for Estrada's close associate Fernando Poe Jr. and those who support incumbent Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, or at best oppose Estrada.

The several months leading to the May elections saw several presidential scandals, Arroyo reversing her earlier decision not to run for president, the sudden but not unexpected candidacy of Fernando Poe Jr., defection of key political figures from the Arroyo camp to the opposition, the controversial automated elections initiative of the COMELEC, and the split of the dominant opposition party, Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, between Poe and Panfilo Lacson.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's candidacy

Main article: Presidential candidacy of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

On a speech given on Rizal Day, December 30, 2002, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared that she would not run in the 2004 elections. Arroyo claimed that withdrawing from the race would relieve her of the burden of politics and allow her administration to devote the last year and half to the following:

First, strengthening the economy to create more jobs and to encourage business activities that are unhampered by corruption and red tape in government.

Second, healing the deep divisions within Philippine society.

Third, working for clean and honest elections in 2004.

This was hailed as a welcome development by many people, especially those in the business and economic sectors. Nine months later, on October 4, 2003, Arroyo completely changed her mind. Arroyo stated that her change of heart was for a higher cause and that she cannot ignore the call to further serve the country. Many people, especially those who held on to her commitment, were dismayed by her turnabout, though most were unsurprised since there had been clues months before that she would probably not stand by her earlier decision. Others welcomed this development, saying that she needs more time to implement her projects, and that she would be the strongest contender against a likely candidacy by Fernando Poe Jr.

Fernando Poe, Jr.'s candidacy

Main article: Presidential candidacy of Fernando Poe Jr.

Months before the elections, members of the opposition have been encouraging Fernando Poe Jr., a close friend of former president Joseph Estrada to run for president. Poe was very popular with the masses and it was widely believed that he would be a sure winner if he ran for president.

On November 27, 2003, Poe ended months of speculation by announcing that he will run for president during a press conference held at the Manila Hotel.

However, on January 9, 2004, Victorino X. Fornier (a private citizen) filed a case against Poe and the COMELEC, saying that Poe wasn't eligible to run for he is not a natural-born Filipino before the COMELEC. On January 23, the COMELEC dismissed the petition for lack of merit. On February 10, Fornier finally filed the case to the Supreme Court, seeking Poe to be disqualified from the race. His case was later merged with cases filed by Maria Jeanette C. Tecson, and Felix B. Desiderio Jr., and by Zoilo Antonio G. Velez.

Death of Lawyer Maria Jeanette Tecson

On September 28, 2007, 8:30 p.m, Senior Superintendent Francisco Uyami, Pasig police chief stated that Lawyer Maria Tecson, 40, was found dead (in a state of rigor mortis) inside room 204 at the Richmond Hotel, San Miguel Avenue, Pasig (with her throat slit and with cuts on her wrist). Maria Jeanette Tecson, Zoilo Velez (promoted to Court of Appeals Justice) and Victorino Fornier filed the disqualification case against Fernando Poe Jr. She claimed Poe was born out of wedlock and that while Poe's birth certificate was dated 1939, his parents Allan Poe and American mother Bessie Kelly did not marry until 1940.

On March 3, the Supreme Court, said in its decision, that for lack of jurisdiction and prematurity, and ruling that Poe's father, Allan F. Poe would have been a Filipino citizen by virtue of the en masse Filipinization enacted by the Philippine Bill of 1902. Also, even if Poe wasn't a natural-born Filipino citizen, he cannot be held guilty of having made a material misrepresentation in his certificate of candidacy.

Eddie Villanueva's candidacy

The Commission on Elections originally affirmed the candidacies of six people for the president. The sixth person running for president was Bro. Eddie Villanueva, spiritual director of Jesus is Lord Church. The party of Eduardo Villanueva filed a petition with the COMELEC seeking to disqualify Eddie Gil on the basis of him being a nuisance candidate, his incapacity to mount a nationwide campaign, and that because he was running with the aim to confuse voters because of their similar names.

The LDP split

The Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino party (LDP) would form the core of the main opposition party, the Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP). However, members of the party disagreed on which person to support for president. Panfilo Lacson, a member of the party, advanced his candidacy for president but was not considered by Edgardo Angara, the president of the party. Angara supported Fernando Poe Jr. Together with the party's secretary-general Agapito Aquino, Lacson gathered the support of some members of the party and went ahead with his candidacy. The LDP was subsequently polarized between those supporting Angara and Poe, and those for Lacson and Aquino.

By then, Poe and Lacson have both filed their certificates of candidacies. According to the rules of candidacy, every presidential candidate must have a political party to back him or her. With the obvious split within the ranks of the LDP, and with no signs that the two factions would come to an agreement, the COMELEC decided to informally split the party into the Aquino and the Angara wings. Lacson then ran under the LDP – Aquino Wing, and Poe under the LDP – Angara Wing, which would later become the KNP.

During the campaign period, there had been numerous unification talks between the two factions. The opposition saw the need to become united under one banner to boost their chances of winning the presidential election against the organized political machinery of Arroyo. The plans of unification did not materialize due to the stubbornness of both Poe and Lacson. Lacson wanted Poe to concede to him and run as his vice-presidential candidate while the supporters of Poe wanted Lacson to back out from his candidacy and instead support Poe, citing his low performance in the surveys.

COMELEC's move for an automated elections

Elections in the Philippines have always been a manual process with the results for national positions often being announced more than a month after election day. An attempt to rectify this was done by the Commission on Elections by automating the process of counting the votes. More than 30 billion pesos were spent in acquiring counting machines that were never used in this elections because of numerous controversies and political opposition.

Timeline

2002

• December 30 – President Arroyo declares that she will not run for president in 2004.

2003

• October 4 – President Arroyo announces her intention to run for president.
• November 26 – Fernando Poe Jr. declares his intention to run for president.
• December 29 – Raul Roco, together with Herminiño Lagunzad filed their candidacies for the position of president and vice president. Senator Panfilo Lacson filed his candidacy as president without a running mate.
• December 30 – Fernando, Poe Jr. together with running mate Senator Loren Legarda filed their candidacies for the position of president and vice president.

2004

• January 5 – President Gloria Arroyo and Senator Noli de Castro filed their candidacies for the position of president and vice president.
• January 13 – The Supreme Court nullified a contract for the computerization of the ballot-counting process, effectively forcing the Commission on Elections to revert to the manual counting of votes.
• February 10 – Start of the official campaign period for national positions
• March 3 – Poe was deemed as a natural born Filipino by the Supreme Court, thereby blocking any legal obstacles for his candidacy.
• March 25 – Start of the official campaign period for local positions
• May 10 – Election day
• May 10 – NAMFREL starts its quickcount tally.
• May 14 – Panfilo Lacson resigns from his party, the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP).
• May 14 – Grenade explodes at the General Santos City Hall where canvassing was taking place. No one was hurt.
• May 17 – Opposition groups stage protest at the PICC, site of the official COMELEC canvass for senators and party-list representatives.
• May 17 – Raul Roco concedes to Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
• May 19 – Fernando Poe Jr., proclaims himself winner in Zamboanga City.
• May 25 – COMELEC proclaims the top 11 senators in its official canvass.
• May 28 – Congress approves the rules for the canvassing of the Certificates of Canvass for the presidential and vice-presidential positions.
• June 2 – The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines issued a statement saying that the elections were generally peaceful and that there was no sign of massive electoral fraud on a nationwide scale.
• June 3 – The 12th senator, Rodolfo Biazon, was proclaimed by the COMELEC.
• June 4 – Congress, through the Joint Committee, starts canvassing the votes for the president and vice-president.
• June 8 – Supreme Court votes 14–0 against the KNP petition to declare the Congressional Joint Committee as the National Board of Canvassers unconstitutional.
• June 20 – The Congressional Joint Committee finishes the canvassing of votes for the president and vice-president; Arroyo is declared the winner.
• June 24 – The Congress approves the report of the Joint Committee officially proclaiming Arroyo the winner.
• June 30 – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is inaugurated in Cebu City.

Parties and coalitions

This election has seen strong shifts of alliances and new parties as candidates switched allegiances. The two major coalitions seen in this elections were the K-4 (Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan), of the administration, and the KNP (Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino), the united opposition.

Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan (K-4)

The Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan (Coalition of Truth and Experience for Tomorrow) or K-4, is the remnant of the People Power Coalition that was formed following the ascendancy of president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to power. Arroyo is seeking a complete term under this coalition with Noli de Castro, an independent, yet popular, broadcaster, as her running mate. The leading party in this coalition is the ruling Lakas-CMD, of which Arroyo is a member. Other parties under this coalition are the Liberal Party, the Nacionalista Party, the Nationalist People's Coalition and the People's Reform Party.

Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP)

The Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (Coalition of United Filipinos), or KNP, is the coalition of the united opposition. Its standard bearers are Fernando Poe Jr. for president and Sen. Loren Legarda for vice-president. The leading parties of this coalition is the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP-Angara Wing), the PDP–Laban and the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino. the LDP split is caused by stubbornness between Fernando Poe Jr. and Ping Lacson. especially with the support of the former president Joseph Estrada and former first lady Imelda Marcos. The other major party under this coalition is Estrada's Partido ng Masang Pilipino (PMP, Party of the Filipino Masses).

Alyansa ng Pag-asa

The third major coalition running in this election is the Alyansa ng Pag-asa (Alliance of Hope), This coalition fielded Raul Roco for president and Herminiño Lagunzad Jr for vice-president. The three major parties supporting this coalition are Roco's Aksyon Demokratiko (Democratic Action), former Defense Sec. Renato de Villa's Reporma Party, and Lito Osmeña's Promdi (Probinsya Muna [Provinces First] Development Party). The three parties were the ones that bolted out of the People Power Coalition.

Bangon Pilipinas Movement (BPM)

The Bangon Pilipinas (Rise up, Philippines) Movement is the political party of Bro. Eddie Villanueva. It consists mostly of volunteers, a majority of whom came from Villanueva's Jesus Is Lord church (Villanueva resigned from the church before submitting his candidacy, to prevent questions on separation of church and state).

Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) (Aquino Wing)

This was composed of Panfilo Lacson's supporters in the LDP Party.

Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa

This was Eddie Gil's organization. Gil was deemed a nuisance candidate and was disqualified from the presidential race, however, the party qualified for other positions.

Candidates

Administration coalition

K4 ticket

For President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo		Lakas
For Vice President
Noli De Castro		Independent
For Senators
Robert Barbers		Lakas
Rodolfo Biazon		Liberal
Pia Cayetano		Lakas
Dick Gordon		Lakas
Parouk Hussin		Lakas
Robert Jaworski		Lakas
Lito Lapid		Lakas
Orly Mercado		Lakas
John Henry Osmeña		NPC
Mar Roxas		Liberal
Bong Revilla		Lakas
Miriam Defensor Santiago		PRP

Primary opposition coalition

KNP ticket

For President
Fernando Poe Jr.		KNP
For Vice President
Loren Legarda		KNP
For Senators
Boots Anson-Roa		PMP
Digs Dilangalen		PMP
Juan Ponce Enrile		PMP
Sonny Escudero		NPC
Jinggoy Estrada		PMP
Boy Herrera		LDP
Alfredo Lim		PMP
Manong Ernie Maceda		NPC
Jamby Madrigal		LDP
Nene Pimentel		PDP–Laban
Amina Rasul		PDP–Laban
Kit Tatad		PMP

Third party

Alyansa ng Pag-asa ticket

For President
Raul Roco		Aksyon
For Vice President
Hermie Aquino		Aksyon
For Senators
Francisco Chavez		Reporma-Lapiang Manggagawa
Bong Coo		Aksyon
Nicanor Gatmaytan, Jr.		Aksyon
Eduardo Nonato Joson		Aksyon
Atty Batas Mauricio		Aksyon
Jay Sonza		Aksyon
Perfecto Yasay		Aksyon

Other coalitions

Bangon Pilipinas

Bangon Pilipinas ticket

For President
Eddie Villanueva		Bangon Pilipinas

KBL

KBL ticket

For Senators
Alvin Alvincent Almirante		KBL
Oliver Lozano		KBL
Norma Nueva		KBL

LDP

LDP-Aquino wing ticket

For President
Ping Lacson		LDP-Aquino wing
For Senators
Heherson Alvarez		LDP-Aquino wing
Carlos Padilla		LDP-Aquino wing

PIBID

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa ticket

For Vice President
Rodolfo Pajo	PIBID
For Senators
Ismael Aparri	PIBID
Carmen Borja	PIBID
Pendatun Decampong	PIBID
Arturo Estuita	PIBID
El Cid Fajardo	PIBID
Ramon Montaño	PIBID
Iderlina Pagunuran	PIBID
Angel Rosario	PIBID
Matuan Usop	PIBID

Independents

Independents

Name	Party
Gerardo del Mundo		Independent
Eddie Ilarde		Independent
Pilar Pilapil		Independent

Results

The official results of the election were released in staggered dates with most winners in local elective positions declared within two weeks from the May 10 election date. The winners in the Senatorial and Party-list Representative elections were declared on May 24, with the exception of the 12th senator which was announced on June 3. The results of the presidential and vice-presidential races were finalized by the Congress on June 20, more than a month after the elections. Out of the 43,536,028 registered voters, about 35.4 million ballots were cast giving a voter turn-out of 81.4%.

Shown below are the official tallies of the presidential, vice-presidential, and senatorial races as well as the last tallies of the Quickcount conducted by the National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), the citizens' arm of the COMELEC.

President

Main article: 2004 Philippine presidential election

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	Lakas–CMD	12,905,808	39.99
	Fernando Poe Jr.	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino	11,782,232	36.51
	Panfilo Lacson	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Aquino wing)	3,510,080	10.88
	Raul Roco	Aksyon Demokratiko	2,082,762	6.45
	Eddie Villanueva	Bangon Pilipinas	1,988,218	6.16
Total			32,269,100	100.00
Valid votes			32,269,100	96.30
Invalid/blank votes			1,240,992	3.70
Total votes			33,510,092	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			43,895,324	76.34

Breakdown

Main article: Congressional canvass for the Philippine presidential election, 2004

Vice president

Vice presidential election results per province/city.

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Noli de Castro	Independent	15,100,431	49.80
	Loren Legarda	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino	14,218,709	46.89
	Herminio Aquino	Aksyon Demokratiko	981,500	3.24
	Rodolfo Pajo	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa	22,244	0.07
Total			30,322,884	100.00
Valid votes			30,322,884	90.49
Invalid/blank votes			3,187,208	9.51
Total votes			33,510,092	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			43,895,324	76.34

Legarda vs. De Castro electoral protest

On January 18, 2008, in a 21-page resolution, penned by Senior Justice Leonardo Quisumbing, the Supreme Court of the Philippines, acting as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET), dismissed Sen. Loren Legarda's electoral protest against Noli de Castro. 3 reasons supported the judgment: first, the PET approved the recommendation of Hearing Commissioner and former Commission on Elections (Comelec) Chair retired SC Justice Bernardo P. Pardo that “the pilot-tested revision of ballots or re-tabulation of the certificates of canvass would not affect the winning margin of the protestee in the final canvass of the returns, in addition to the ground of abandonment or withdrawal by reason of Protestant's candidacy for, election and assumption of the office Senator of the Philippines;” second, Legarda's failure to pay the P 3.9 million ($1 = P 40) revision of ballots (in 124,404 precincts) fee despite court extension under Rule 33 of the PET; and third, jurisprudence of Defensor Santiago v. Ramos, teaches that Legarda "effectively abandoned or withdrawn her protest when she ran in the Senate, which term coincides with the term of the Vice-Presidency 2004–2010." Meanwhile, Noli De Castro on television stated: "This is the triumph of truth. The truth that I won fair and square. I thank the Supreme Court for echoing the true voice of the people. From the very beginning I was confident that I received the overwhelming mandate of our people as Vice President." Legarda stated that she will file a motion for reconsideration in due course.

Congress

In the legislative elections, voters elected twelve Senators (half the members of the Senate), who are elected at large with the whole country voting as one constituency, and all 208 members of the House of Representatives, who are elected from single-member districts.

Senate

Main article: 2004 Philippine Senate election

Representation of results; seats contested are inside the box.
  Lakas-NUCD-UMDP
  KNP
  Liberal Party
  LDP
  PDP–Laban
  PRP
  Independent
  Vacancy

The COMELEC sits as the National Board of Canvassers for the 12 senatorial positions.

Candidate		Party or alliance			Votes	%
	Mar Roxas	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Liberal Party	19,372,888	54.56
	Bong Revilla	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Lakas–CMD	15,801,531	44.50
	Nene Pimentel	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			13,519,998	38.07
	Jamby Madrigal	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			13,253,692	37.32
	Dick Gordon	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Lakas–CMD	12,707,151	35.78
	Pia Cayetano	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Lakas–CMD	12,542,054	35.32
	Miriam Defensor Santiago	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		People's Reform Party	12,187,401	34.32
	Alfredo Lim	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			11,286,428	31.78
	Juan Ponce Enrile	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			11,191,162	31.52
	Jinggoy Estrada	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			11,094,120	31.24
	Lito Lapid	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Lakas–CMD	10,970,941	30.90
	Rodolfo Biazon	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Liberal Party	10,635,270	29.95
	Robert Barbers	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Lakas–CMD	10,624,585	29.92
	Ernesto Maceda	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			9,944,328	28.00
	John Henry Osmeña	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Independent	9,914,179	27.92
	Orly Mercado	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Lakas–CMD	8,295,024	23.36
	Robert Jaworski	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Lakas–CMD	6,921,425	19.49
	Boots Anson-Roa	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			5,873,845	16.54
	Francisco Tatad	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino		Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino	5,718,740	16.10
	Heherson Alvarez	Independent			4,791,085	13.49
	Ernesto Herrera	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			4,612,036	12.99
	Perfecto Yasay	Alyansa ng Pag-asa		Aksyon Demokratiko	4,408,808	12.42
	Francisco Chavez	Alyansa ng Pag-asa		Partido ng Demokratikong Reporma–Lapiang Manggagawa	4,286,838	12.07
	Carlos Padilla	Independent			3,863,693	10.88
	Salvador Escudero	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			3,780,469	10.65
	Amina Rasul-Bernardo	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			3,456,480	9.73
	Jay Sonza	Alyansa ng Pag-asa		Aksyon Demokratiko	2,839,442	8.00
	Parouk Hussin	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan		Lakas–CMD	2,821,522	7.95
	Didagen Dilangalen	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino			2,222,069	6.26
	Melanio Mauricio Jr.	Alyansa ng Pag-asa		Aksyon Demokratiko	1,144,279	3.22
	Pilar Pilapil	Independent			692,137	1.95
	Eduardo Nonato Joson	Alyansa ng Pag-asa		Aksyon Demokratiko	631,041	1.78
	Eddie Ilarde	Independent			527,865	1.49
	Nicanor Gatmaytan Jr.	Alyansa ng Pag-asa		Aksyon Demokratiko	453,693	1.28
	Bong Coo	Alyansa ng Pag-asa		Aksyon Demokratiko	338,846	0.95
	Oliver Lozano	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan			238,272	0.67
	Alvin Alvincent Almirante	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan			206,097	0.58
	Ramon Montaño	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			159,735	0.45
	Matuan Usop	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			137,376	0.39
	Angel Rosario	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			98,932	0.28
	Ismael Aparri	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			97,430	0.27
	Norma Nueva	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan			96,129	0.27
	Carmen Borja	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			95,755	0.27
	Pendatun Decampong	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			94,713	0.27
	Gerardo del Mundo	Independent			88,962	0.25
	El Cid Fajardo	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			79,471	0.22
	Iderlina Pagunuran	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			59,712	0.17
	Arturo Estuita	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa			39,094	0.11
Total					254,216,743	100.00
Total votes					35,510,092	–
Registered voters/turnout					43,536,028	81.56
Source: COMELEC (vote totals), NCSB (turnout)

House of Representatives

Main article: 2004 Philippine House of Representatives elections

Elections at congressional districts

Party		Seats	+/–
	Lakas–CMD	92	+13
	Nationalist People's Coalition	53	+11
	Liberal Party	29	+10
	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino	15	−6
	Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino	5	+1
	Aksyon Demokratiko	2	0
	Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino	2	+1
	Nacionalista Party	2	New
	PDP–Laban	2	0
	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	1	0
	Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas	1	0
	Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma	1	−1
	Independent	4	−4
Party-list seats		52	0
Total		261	0
Source: Teehankee, Julio (2002). "Electoral Politics in the Philippines" (PDF). In Croissant, Aurel (ed.). Electoral Politics in Southeast and East Asia. Singapore: Fiedrich-Ebert-Siftung. pp. 149–202 – via quezon.ph.

Party-list election

Party		Votes	%	+/–	Seats	+/–
	Bayan Muna	1,203,305	9.46	−1.84	3	0
	Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives	934,995	7.35	+2.04	3	0
	Akbayan	852,473	6.70	+4.20	3	+1
	Buhay Hayaan Yumabong	705,730	5.55	+3.63	2	+1
	Anakpawis	538,396	4.23	+4.23	2	+1
	Citizens' Battle Against Corruption	495,193	3.89	+1.75	2	+1
	Gabriela Women's Party	464,586	3.65	New	2	+1
	Partido ng Manggagawa	448,072	3.52	+2.09	2	+1
	Butil Farmers Party	429,259	3.37	+1.19	2	+1
	Alliance of Volunteer Educators	343,498	2.70	New	1	New
	Alagad	340,977	2.68	+1.91	1	New
	Veterans Freedom Party	340,759	2.68	−1.16	1	+1
	Cooperative NATCCO Network Party	270,950	2.13	+0.63	1	New
	Anak Mindanao	269,750	2.12	+0.43	1	0
	Ang Laban ng Indiginong Filipino	269,345	2.12	New	1	New
	An Waray	268,164	2.11	New	1	New
	Alyansang Bayanihan ng mga Magsasaka Mangagawang Bukid at Mangingisda and Adhikain at Kilusan ng Ordinaryong Tao	251,597	1.98	New	0	–
	Alliance for Nationalism and Democracy	244,137	1.92	New	0	–
	Senior Citizens/Elderly	236,571	1.86	New	0	–
	Philippines Guardians Brotherhood	213,662	1.68	New	0	–
	Ang Nagkakaisang Kabataan para sa Sambayanan	213,068	1.67	New	0	–
	Trade Union Congress Party	201,396	1.58	New	0	–
	Sanlakas	189,517	1.49	+0.49	0	−1
	Bigkis Pinoy Movement	186,264	1.46	+0.43	0	–
	Suara Bangsamoro	164,494	1.29	New	0	–
	Philippine Coconut Producers Federation	163,952	1.29	−0.23	0	−1
	Sagip-Kapwa Foundation	161,797	1.27	New	0	–
	Aksyon Sambayan	156,467	1.23	New	0	–
	People's Movement Against Poverty	144,740	1.14	New	0	–
	Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency	143,454	1.13	New	0	–
	Abay Pamiliya Foundation	133,952	1.05	+0.98	0	–
	Samahan ng mga Mangangakal para sa Ikauunlad ng Lokal na Ekonomiya	133,425	1.05	New	0	–
	Abanse! Pinay	115,855	0.91	+0.02	0	−1
	Migrante Sectoral Party of Overseas Filipinos and their Families	110,507	0.87	New	0	–
	Alab Katipunan	92,262	0.73	New	0	–
	Assalam Bangsamoro People's Party	91,975	0.72	New	0	–
	Gabay ng Manggagawang Pilipino Party	89,978	0.71	+0.59	0	–
	Alyansa ng may Kapansanang Pinoy	86,673	0.68	New	0	–
	Pinoy Overseas	79,214	0.62	New	0	–
	Ahonbayan	68,203	0.54	+0.35	0	–
	Advocates and Adherents of Social Justice for School Teachers and Allied Workers	65,596	0.52	New	0	–
	Seaman's Party	65,231	0.51	+0.01	0	–
	Bahandi sa Kaumahan ug Kadagatan	61,665	0.48	New	0	–
	National Federation of Small Coconut Farmers Organization	55,378	0.44	New	0	–
	Bagong Tao Movement	52,919	0.42	New	0	–
	Alyansa ng Sambayanan para sa Pagbabago	50,063	0.39	New	0	–
	Maritime Party	48,037	0.38	−0.27	0	–
	Visayas Farmers Party	42,920	0.34	New	0	–
	The True Marcos Loyalist (For God Country and People)	42,050	0.33	−0.81	0	–
	Mindanao Federation of Small Coconut Farmers Organization	39,194	0.31	New	0	–
	Philippine Confederation of Drivers Organization and Alliance of Concerned Transport Operators	38,093	0.30	New	0	–
	Organisasyon ng Manggagawang Mag-aangat sa Republika	38,389	0.30	New	0	–
	Confederation of Grains Retailers Association of the Philippines	33,950	0.27	New	0	–
	Lapiang Manggagawa	31,386	0.25	New	0	–
	Philippine Association of Retired Persons	30,984	0.24	New	0	–
	Farmers and Fisherfolks Aggrupation of the Philippines	28,739	0.23	New	0	–
	Aging Pilipino Organization	27,609	0.22	New	0	–
	Kaisang Loob para sa Marangal na Paninirahan	26,392	0.21	New	0	–
	Partido Katutubo Pilipino	22,370	0.18	New	0	–
	Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa	17,994	0.14	New	0	–
	Visayan Association of the Philippines	13,340	0.10	New	0	–
	Novelty Entrepreneurship & Livelihood for Food	13,266	0.10	New	0	–
	Tribal Association of the Philippines	8,753	0.07	New	0	–
	Federation of Land Reform Farmers of the Philippines	8,660	0.07	New	0	–
	Sandigang Maralita	7,992	0.06	−0.01	0	–
	Democratic Workers of the Philippines	3,900	0.03	−0.01	0	–
Total		12,723,482	100.00	–	28	+11
Valid votes		12,723,482	96.07	+52.92
Invalid/blank votes		520,022	3.93	−52.92
Total votes		13,241,974	–	–
Registered voters/turnout		44,872,007	29.51	−12.17
Source: COMELEC

Local

In the local elections, voters elected governors, vice-governors, and board members of the country's 79 provinces, and the mayor, vice-mayor and councilors of the nation's more than 1,600 cities and municipalities.

Exit polls

During and immediately after the elections, exit polls were conducted by various organizations including the Social Weather Stations. According to "The SWS 2004 Day of Election Survey: Final Exit Poll Scores Excluding Blank Answers", released by the SWS on May 19, 2004, the national vote percentages are: GMA 45%, FPJ 34%, Lacson 10%, Roco 6%, Villanueva 5% (slightly different numbers from May 11; error margin 2%, n = 4,445)."

These results are affirmed when compared to the NAMFREL Quick Count as of May 21, as tabulated in "Comparison of ABS-CBN/SWS Exit Poll 2004 Results (as of May 17, 9 am; excluding No Answer) and NAMFREL Quick Count as of May 21 1:00 p.m. (Report #63)". The NAMFREL Quick Count shows GMA at 40.4%, FPJ at 36.5%, Lacson at 10.8%, Roco at 6.2%, and Villanueva at 6.1%.

It is notable in light of the subsequent Hello Garci scandal how exit polling revealed the candidates' performance in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. To wit, the SWS exit poll shows that GMA won only 44% of ARMM while FPJ won 50% (in short, 44–50); the NAMFREL Quick Count showed a score of 34.3–56.5. However, the final official COMELEC Canvass showed a result of 62% vs. 31% in favor of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. This highly irregular result constituted prima facie evidence of cheating in the ARMM.

The SWS also published the number of registered voters per region as of April 28, 2004—or just a week before the elections—for the purpose of comparing their sample sizes with the actual number of voters. The ARMM had 1,057,458 voters.

However, recall that in the final official COMELEC canvass, FPJ won 31% of ARMM votes. If he had won 100% of ARMM, he could gain only 69% more of the ARMM voters, or 729,646 votes. Given that the final difference between GMA and FPJ was 1,123,576 votes, GMA would still have won the election by a total of 393,930 votes.

Even if FPJ won 100% of the ARMM, GMA would still have won. So great was GMA's lead, that even if they padded ARMM voter rolls so that it would show 1.5 million voters, 69% of that would only be 1.035 million votes, still not enough to overcome the 1.123-million vote lead.

This result is actually consistent with the trend of the pre-election opinion polls conducted also by the SWS. On April 23, just a little over two weeks before the election, the SWS released a poll, and the headline of the SWS report by itself was historically significant: "SWS April 10–17, 2004 Survey: Roco Depleted, Voters Go To GMA and Undecided". The report's first line gives away the game: "Raul Roco's sudden departure for abroad cost him almost half of his voting strength, allowing Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to gain a slim lead ..." That lead could not be reversed: at the last pre-election SWS opinion poll (conducted from May 1 to 4) released on May 8, 2004, or just two days before the election, "GMA Leads FPJ By 7%", 37% to 30%, with 12% undecided.

Official Congressional canvass

Under the constitution, the Congress is mandated to become the National Board of Canvassers for the top two positions, the president and the vice-president. Tallying in the 216,382 precincts nationwide are submitted in Election Returns that are forwarded to the municipal and city board of canvassers. These are then tabulated and forwarded to the provincial board of canvassers which prepare the 176 Certificates of Canvass (CoC). These CoCs were forwarded to the joint session of the Congress at the Batasang Pambansa in Quezon City on May 25, 2004.

Senators and representatives from the administration and opposition have debated heatedly on the procedure of counting the CoCs. The traditional way of counting the certificates, as used in the 1992 and 1998 elections, was to appoint a joint committee consisting of seven senators and seven representatives. Many opposition legislators, notably, Cong. Didagen Dilangalen of Maguindanao, opposed this traditional method as unconstitutional saying that it should be the whole Congress, not a committee, who should count the votes. Part of the argument was that "power delegated cannot be further delegated", referring to the delegation of counting to a committee. The proposal of some legislators was for the whole Congress to sit in a joint session counting each and every single Certificate of Canvass.

The debates and deliberations for the rules of canvassing were finished by the Congressional joint session on May 28. The rules decided were very similar to the ones used in the 1992 and 1998 elections, which called for a joint committee to act as the National Board of Canvassers. The notable difference is the increase of the number of committee members from 14 to 22, this time consisting of 11 senators and 11 representatives. The composition of the committee was also announced by the senate president, Franklin Drilon, and the Speaker of the House, Jose de Venecia. The composition was immediately lambasted by the Opposition; the House portion of the committee consisted of 9 administration representatives and 2 opposition. The Poe camp called for a more equal representation for all the involved political parties in the committee, despite the appointed commission mirroring the current composition of the House: there are 190 administration representatives in a 220-seat House.

The official canvassing by the Congressional Joint Committee started on June 4, a little less than one month after election day. Canvassing was done in a slow pace, averaging about 12 Certificates of Canvass per day, as the Opposition accused Administration politicians of railroading the canvass. The Opposition lawyers wanted to question the validity of 25 CoCs, especially in those areas where Arroyo posted a wide margin over Poe. They wanted the committee to examine the Statement of Votes at the municipal level and even down to the Election Returns at the precinct level to prove their claim that the Certificates of Canvass have been tampered with in favor of Arroyo. Administration lawyers contend that the committee is not the proper place to lodge complaints of fraud and that the Opposition should go to the Presidential Election Tribunal (the Supreme Court) after the winner has been proclaimed.

See also

• Commission on Elections
• Politics of the Philippines
• Philippine elections
• President of the Philippines
• 13th Congress of the Philippines

External links

General sites

• Philippine Presidency Project
• Philippine Commission on Elections
• National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL)

Media sites and articles

• Eleksyon 2004 (Media website)
• 4 exit polls have 3 different winners – Philippine Daily Inquirer
• Proberz exit polls: FPJ winner
• Congress approves canvassing rules – Philippine Daily Inquirer
• SWS admits it made errors in exit poll – Philippine Daily Inquirer

Others

• On Election Polls: Part IV WHO DID BETTER – SWS OR PULSE ASIA? – Dr. Romula A. Virola
• Dec. 30, 2002 Arroyo speech declaring her intention not to run
• P.E.T. Case No. 003, Legarda vs. De Castro

Literature

• Teehankee, Julio (2006). Consolidation or Crisis of Clientelistic Democracy?: The 2004 Synchronized Elections in the Philippines. Berlin: Lit. pp. 215–276. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)