The 1985 Trincomalee massacres refers to a series of mass murder of Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan military and Sinhalese home guards in Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka. In a succession of events that spanned over two months, hundreds of Tamil civilians were massacred and thousands were driven out by the Sri Lankan military and Sinhalese mobs in order to colonize the area.[2][3][4] Almost every Tamil settlement in the district was destroyed during this well-orchestrated campaign to drive out the local Tamil population.[5][3][6][note 1] Several Tamil women were also raped.[3] In September 1985, the entire Tamil population of Trincomalee town was displaced to forests and refugee camps in an attack that wiped out the town, including the destruction of 12 temples and a mosque.[6] Since August 16, over 50,000 Tamils who were forced to flee the town ended up in refugee camps in the Jaffna and Batticaloa districts.[7]
| 1985 Trincomalee massacres | |
|---|---|
 Location of Sri Lanka | |
| Location | Various locations in Trincomalee District, Eastern Province, Sri Lanka |
| Date | May–September,[1] 1985 (+8 GMT) |
| Target | Tamil Civilians |
Attack type | Mass murder, ethnic cleansing, pogrom |
| Deaths | Hundreds |
| Injured | Unknown |
| Perpetrators | Sri Lankan military, Sri Lankan Home Guards, Sinhalese mobs |
| Motive | Ethnic cleansing |
Background
editSince the 1930s, the Sinhalese-dominated government settled Sinhalese in the predominantly Tamil-speaking Eastern province, claiming to restore what they saw as lost ancient Sinhala settlements,[8] as well as to reduce the Tamils' claim to local autonomy.[9] Sinhalisation of Trincomalee was seen as the key to sundering the contiguity of Tamil habitations in the North and East.[1][10] Tamil nationalists viewed this as an attempt to alter the demographics of their 'traditional Tamil homeland', thus weakening the Tamils' stake in it.[8]
During 1983, Trincomalee was the site of anti-Tamil violence at the hands of Sinhalese mobs.
List of attacks
editFollowing is an incomplete list containing records of only reported and known attacks based on the availability of data.
May
editMay 3
editOn May 3, 50 Tamil people were killed by the Sri Lankan military and Sinhalese mobs in Dehiwatte and Mahindapura. Tamil inhabitants of these villages were ethnically cleansed and Sinhalese settlers took their places.[2]
May 23
editThe Army and the newly inducted Sinhalese home guards commenced attacks on outlying Tamil villages in the Trincomalee District, in Nilaveli on 23 May 1985 and in the Allai settlement scheme south of Mutur the next day.[4] Eight civilians were shot dead by the Military in Nilaveli on 23.05.1985.[2]
May 24
editSinhalese home guards from Dehiwatte killed two Tamil civilians from Kankuveli.[4]
More than ten people from Anpuvalipuram, who had gone in search of firewood never returned home. Their bulls and carts were found later. And their deaths were attributed to the home guards or the military.[2]
May 25
edit11 civilians are shot dead in Pankulam village, and houses of the residents burnt down. A father and his 12-year-old son who were travelling to visit their family in the nearby village of Kankuveli were hacked to death by the Sinhalese home guards.[4][2] Their bodies were disposed at the Kankuveli tank.[2]
May 26
editOver 40 houses and property belonging to Tamils in Echchilampattu were set on fire. Two civilians were killed. On the same day, several fishermen from the district were shot dead by the Sri Lankan Navy while they were fishing. Bodies of three fishermen were recovered.[2][4]
May 27
editOn 27 May 1985, a bus belonging to the State bus service CTB, was stopped at 52nd Milepost in Mahindapura and 6 of its passengers and its driver Pushparaja, all Tamils, were killed in cold blood and their bodies burnt by Sinhala mobs assisted by the home guards.[3][2]
May 31
editOn the night of 31 May a police party with home guards took away 37 Tamils from the south bank of Killiveddy and were massacred and burnt at Sambalpiddy.[1][11]
June
editJune 1
editGovernment forces and Sinhalese mobs burned down 125 houses in Kilivetti, killing 10 Tamils. 8 Tamil men and 5 Tamil women were then taken to Dehiwatte, where the men were executed and the women raped.[4]
June 3
editA bus carrying 13 Tamils was burned in Trincomalee. Mr. A. Thangathurai, a former Member of Parliament, was the only survivor and witness of the incident.[1][2]
June 3 and 4
editEvery single Tamil village close to a Sinhala colony in the Allai Extension Scheme was destroyed by government forces and Sinhalese mobs:[3]
"The villages of Kilivetti, Menkamam, Sivapuram, Kankuveli, Pattitidal, Palaththadichenai, Arippu, Poonagar, Mallikaithivu, Peruveli, Munnampodivattai, Manalchenai, Bharatipuram, Lingapuram, Eechchilampattai, Karukkamunai, Mavadichchenai, Muttuchenai and Valaithottam were razed to the ground by a looting and plundering mob of Sinhala soldiers, policemen, home guards, and ordinary civilians. Over 80 people were reportedly killed, and 200 disappeared. Estimates of the number of houses destroyed vary between 'more than 1000' and 3,500."[3]
June 5
editOn 5 June 1985, an air force helicopter flew over Thiriyai, the surviving northernmost Tamil village in Trincomalee District, firing at residents (Amarivayal and Thennamaravady villages had been uprooted seven months earlier). Air Force personnel then came in trucks with explosives and set fire to 700 houses. People who remained took refuge in the local school.[1][4]
June 13
editNine hundred houses belonging to Tamils at Kattaiparichchan, Sampur, Chenaiyur and Muthur were burned down by government forces.[4]
August
editAugust 10
editOn 10 August 1985, the Army arrived again at Thiriyai and opened fire targeting some of the leaders, killing among 10 persons, a principal and a village headman.[1]
August 17
editSecurity forces enter Tamil houses in Trincomalee and shoot dead men, women and children. Some of the victims include Thiruchelvam (35), Manickam (60), Kangathevi (32), Manickam (65), Nageswari (40), Sasikala (1), Jeyanthi (12), Inpam (6), Sankar (10) and Ravindran (1).[12]
September
editThe MP for Polonnaruwa H. G. P. Nelson and the MP for Seruvila were reported to have played a leading role in organising further violence against Tamils. 12,000 Sinhalese were armed and transported to Trincomalee for this purpose, many of whom were from the newly formed Sinhala colony of Sirimapura.[7]
September 4
editThe grocery shop of Supar Navaratnam was burned down at 9:10 AM by a mob of 20 armed Sinhalese men who shouted 'Para Demala' (foreign Tamil) and threw grenades and petrol bombs. 50 other Tamil shops in Trincomalee town were also burned down.[13] At Murugapuri, Uppuveli, Sinhalese thugs and homeguards with the help of security forces looted and burned all the homes and shops of Tamils that they had attacked.[14]
September 5
editThousands of Tamils in Trincomalee fled their homes in fear as their homes were set ablaze during a curfew imposed by the government.[13]
September 8
editFollowing days of anti-Tamil violence at Murugapuri, the dead bodies of S Sinnathurai (85), Navaratnam (50) and Menon (61) were found with cuts, gunshot and burn injuries.[14]
September 9
editThe last of the large-scale attacks was launched on Trincomalee town itself on 9 September 1985. Under cover provided by the Army, firing from the air by the Air Force and from the sea by naval gunboats, mainly Sinhalese home guards moved in to loot, burn and to kill. 25 civilians were killed and about 1500 houses and places of worship were destroyed.[1]
September 11
editAnti-Tamil rioting continues in Trincomalee town.[15]
September 12
editA Sinhalese mob with the help of armed police burn a Tamil temple in Trincomalee town.[15]
September 16
editOver 15 Tamil civilians were killed. Dozens more were taken to army camps and reported to have been shot dead.[16]
See also
editNotes
editSources
edit- ^ a b c d e f g "The 1985 Focus on the East - Antecedents of the Mutur East Zone". UTHR. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Massacres of Tamils(1956-2008). Chennai: Manitham Publications. 2009. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-909737-0-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gassbeek, Timmo (2010). Bridging troubled waters? Everyday inter-ethnic interaction in a context of violent conflict in Kottiyar Pattu, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka (PhD). Wageningen University. p. 144-157.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hoole, Rajan. SRI LANKA:THE ARROGANCE OF POWER. Jaffna: University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna). pp. 328–343.
- ^ "Can the East be won through Human Culling?". uthr.org. University Teacher of Human Rights - Jaffna. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ a b The Hindu, 22 September 1985, 52 Tamil villages in Trincomalee District razed to the ground in two months
- ^ a b Tamil Times - September 1985, Trinco, a ghost town, p.1
- ^ a b Peebles, Patrick (February 1990). "Colonization and Ethnic Conflict in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka". The Journal of Asian Studies. 49 (1): 30–55. doi:10.2307/2058432. JSTOR 2058432. S2CID 153505636.
- ^ "Report No.7, The clash of ideologies and the continuing tragedy in the Batticaloa & Amparai Districts, Chapter 8, Colonisation - Issues and Non-Issues". uthr.org. University Teacher of Human Rights - Jaffna. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
- ^ "COLONISATION & DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE TRINCOMALEE DISTRICT AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE TAMIL SPEAKING PEOPLE". Report 11, Appendix II. University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna). 15 April 1993. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
- ^ "Trincomalee District in February 1996: Focusing on the Killiveddy Massacre". UTHRJ. March 2, 1996. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
- ^ Tamil Times - September 1985, What happened in Vavuniya, p.19
- ^ a b Tamil Times - September 1985, Trinco, a ghost town, p.18
- ^ a b Tamil Times, November 1985, "OPERATION MURUGAPURI", An Eyewitness Account p.17
- ^ a b "28 years after Rajiv Gandhi's death, a look back at the LTTE-Lanka nexus that killed him". 21 May 2019.
- ^ Tamil Times - September 1985, Trinco, a ghost town, p.19