The 1975 New Zealand general election was held on 29 November to elect MPs to the 38th session of the New Zealand Parliament. It was the first general election in New Zealand where 18- to 20-year-olds[1] and all permanent residents of New Zealand were eligible to vote, although only citizens were able to be elected.
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87 seats in the Parliament 44 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 1,603,733 (82.11%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The National Party, led by Rob Muldoon, won 55 of the 87 seats over the Labour Party, led by Bill Rowling, in a landslide. The election saw the defeat of the Third Labour Government after only three years in office and the formation of the Third National Government. As of 2023, this is the most recent election where a government was voted out after one term.
Background
editThe incumbent Labour Party's decline in popularity during the previous term had as factors the death of its leader, Norman Kirk, economic decline triggered by the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities—most importantly the European Economic Community (EEC)—and the 1973 oil crisis.[2]
Following the sudden death of Labour leader Kirk, the party was led by Bill Rowling, a leader who was characterised as being weak and ineffectual by some political commentators. Labour's central campaign was the so-called "Citizens for Rowling" petition which attacked National leader Robert Muldoon's forthright leadership style. This campaign was largely seen as having backfired on Labour.
The National Party responded with the formation of "Rob's Mob". As former Minister of Finance in the previous National government, Muldoon focused on the economic impact of Labour's policies; National's campaign advertising suggested that Labour's recently introduced compulsory personal superannuation scheme would result in the government owning the New Zealand economy by using the worker's money, akin to a communist state. Muldoon argued that his New Zealand superannuation scheme could be funded from future taxes rather than an additional tax on current wages.
In July 1974, Muldoon as opposition leader had promised to cut immigration and to "get tough" on law and order issues. He criticised the Labour government's immigration policies for contributing to the economic recession and a housing shortage which undermined the New Zealand "way of life".
During the 1975 general elections, the National Party had also played an electoral advertisement that was later criticized for stoking negative racial sentiments about Polynesian migrants.[3]
The campaign also achieved notoriety due to an infamous television commercial featuring "Dancing Cossacks", which was produced by Hanna Barbera on behalf of National's ad agency Colenso.[4]
A consummate orator and a skilled television performer, Muldoon's powerful presence on screen increased his popularity with voters.[5]
MPs retiring in 1975
editFour National MPs and Three Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 37th Parliament:
| Party | Name | Electorate | Term of office | Date announced | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National | Percy Allen | Bay of Plenty | 1957–75
|
before 20 August 1974[6] | |
| Logan Sloane | Hobson | 1960–66
1969–75 |
22 April 1974[7] | ||
| Sir Jack Marshall | Karori | 1946–75
|
20 December 1974[8] | ||
| Douglas Carter | Raglan | 1957–75
|
5 August 1974[9] | ||
| Labour | Norman Douglas | Auckland Central | 1960–75
|
16 October 1974[10] | |
| Ethel McMillan | Dunedin North | 1953–75
|
17 October 1974[11] | ||
| Hugh Watt | Onehunga | 1953–75
|
20 June 1975[12] | ||
Opinion polling
edit
| Poll | Date[nb 1] | National | Labour | Social Credit | Values | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 election result | 29 Nov 1975 | 47.59 | 39.56 | 7.43 | 5.19 | 8.03 |
| NRB | Nov 1975 | 46 | 44 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Nov 1975 | 44 | 43 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
| NRB | Sep 1975 | 52 | 39 | 5 | 4 | 13 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Sep 1975 | 51 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 9 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Jul 1975 | 50 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| NRB | Jul 1975 | 51 | 40 | 5 | 4 | 11 |
| TVNZ Heylen | May 1975 | 49 | 42 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
| NRB | Mar 1975 | 46 | 42 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| TVNZ Heylen | Feb 1975 | 48 | 46 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| NRB | Nov 1974 | 44 | 44 | 7 | 4 | Tie |
| TVNZ Heylen | Sep 1974 | 45 | 47 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| NRB | Sep 1974 | 40 | 50 | 5 | 4 | 10 |
| N/A | 31 August 1974 | Death of Prime Minister Norman Kirk, Bill Rowling Becomes Prime Minister | ||||
| NRB | May 1974 | 44 | 44 | 5 | 5 | Tie |
| NRB | Nov 1973 | 44 | 47 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
| NRB | May 1973 | 39 | 51 | 5 | 1 | 12 |
| 1972 election result | 25 Nov 1972 | 41.50 | 48.37 | 6.65 | 1.96 | 6.87 |
Results
edit
The final results saw National win 55 seats, and Labour 32 seats. Thus Robert Muldoon replaced Bill Rowling as Prime Minister, ending the term of the Third Labour government, and beginning the term of the Third National government. The party seat numbers were an exact opposite of the 1972 election. No minor parties won seats, though the election saw the best ever result for New Zealand's first green political party, Values. There were 1,953,050 electors on the roll, with 1,603,733 (82.11%) voting.
While Muldoon would be re-elected twice, this would be the only time between 1969 and 1990 that National polled more votes than Labour.
Notable electorate results included the election of two Māori MPs to general seats; the first time that any Māori had been elected to a non-Māori electorate since James Carroll in 1893. The MPs in question were Ben Couch in Wairarapa and Rex Austin in Awarua.
In Palmerston North and Western Hutt, Labour was first on election night but lost when special votes were counted.
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidates | Total votes | Percentage | Seats won | Change | |
| National | 87 | 763,136 | 47.59 | 55 | +23 | |
| Labour | 87 | 634,453 | 39.56 | 32 | -23 | |
| Social Credit | 87 | 119,147 | 7.43 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Values | 87 | 83,241 | 5.19 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Socialist Unity | 15 | 408 | 0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
| National Socialist | 1 | 19 | 0.00 | - | ±0 | |
| Independent | 67 | 3,756 | 0.23 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Total | 415 | 1,603,733 | 87 | |||
Votes summary
editThe table below shows the results of the 1975 general election:
Key
Table footnotes:
- ^ These are the survey dates of the poll, or if the survey dates are not stated, the date the poll was released.
- ^ David Lange came third for Labour in Hobson
- ^ Henry May was first on election night, but lost when special votes were included
Post-election events
editA number of local by-elections were required due to the resignations of incumbent local body politicians following the general election:
- A by-election occurred for the Invercargill City Council after councillor Norman Jones resigned after being elected to parliament, prompting a by-election. Jones was replaced on the council by J. B. Munro, whom he defeated at the parliamentary election.[19]
- There was a by-election for Mayor of Hamilton. Mayor Mike Minogue resigned after he was elected as MP for Hamilton West. The by-election was win by leader of the Social Credit Party, Bruce Beetham, who had contested Rangitikei in 1975.[20]
Notes
edit- ^ Levine & Lodge 1976, p. ?.
- ^ Coughlan, Thomas (21 October 2023). "Thomas Coughlan: Labour's soul searching begins as drums beat for David Parker challenge". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ National Party advertisement (documentary). TVNZ Television New Zealand, Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 1975.
- ^ "Dancing Cossacks political TV ad". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 23 August 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ^ Atkinson 2003, pp. 188f.
- ^ "Mr MacIntyre nominated". The Press. Vol. CXIV, no. 33618. 21 August 1974. p. 2.
- ^ "Retirement of M.P." The Press. Vol. CXIV, no. 33516. 23 April 1974. p. 3.
- ^ "Sir John Marshall to end political career next year". The Press. Vol. CXIV, no. 33723. 21 December 1974. p. 2.
- ^ "Raglan M.P. to retire". The Press. Vol. CXIV, no. 33606. 7 August 1974. p. 14.
- ^ "Last Term for Mr Douglas". The New Zealand Herald. 18 October 1974. p. 1.
- ^ "Labour candidates". The Press. Vol. CXIV, no. 33668. 18 October 1974. p. 1.
- ^ "Mr Watt not to stand". The Press. Vol. CXV, no. 33875. 21 June 1975. p. 3.
- ^ "Historical Pollling Data 1974–2021". Patrick Leyland. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ Calderwood, David (2010). Not a Fair Go: A History and Analysis of Social Credit's Struggle for Success in New Zealand's Electoral System (PDF) (MA). University of Waikato. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ "Poll shows National lead". The Press. Vol. CXV, no. 33979. 21 October 1975. p. 20.
- ^ Norton 1988, pp. ?.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 358.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 382.
- ^ "Mr Munro gets seat in council". The Press. 17 April 1976. p. 16.
- ^ "Beetham stretches majority". The Times. 5 May 1976. p. 1.
References
edit- Atkinson, Neill (2003). Adventures in Democracy: A History of the Vote in New Zealand. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.
- Chapman, George (1980). The Years of Lightning. Wellington: AH & AW Reed. ISBN 0-589-01346-7.
- Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
- Levine, Stephen; Lodge, Juliet (1976). The New Zealand General Election of 1975. Wellington: Price Milburn for New Zealand University Press. ISBN 0-7055-0624-X.
- Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946-1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
- Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.