The 1973 Hanafi Muslim massacre took place on January 18, 1973.[1] Two men and a boy were shot to death. Four other children ranging in age from nine days to ten years old were drowned. Two others were severely injured.[2] The murders took place at 7700 16th Street NW, a Washington, D.C. house purchased for a group of Hanafi Muslims to use as the "Hanafi American Mussulman's Rifle and Pistol Club".[3] The property was purchased and donated by then Milwaukee Bucks basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[4]
| Hanafi murders | |
|---|---|
| Location | 7700 16th Street NW, Washington, D.C., US |
| Coordinates | 38°59′00″N 77°02′11″W / 38.983372°N 77.036479°W |
| Date | January 18, 1973 |
| Target | Home invasion |
Attack type | |
| Deaths | 7 |
| Injured | 2 |
| Perpetrators | Black Mafia |
The target of the attack was Hamaas Abdul Khaalis, the son-in-law of Reginald Hawkins. Khaalis had written and sent fifty letters[5] calling Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad "guilty of 'fooling and deceiving people – robbing them of their money, and besides that dooming them to Hell.'" The letters were mailed to ministers of all fifty mosques of the Nation of Islam, a sect that Khaalis had infiltrated and in which he had been a leader in the 1950s.[5] The letters were also critical of Wallace D. Fard[6] and urged the ministers to leave the sect.[5]
The massacre was a direct cause of the 1973 Brooklyn hostage crisis that started the following day, as the four perpetrators, themselves Sunni Muslims, sought to acquire firearms for self-defense in the event they were targeted for a similar attack.[7][8][9][10]
Background
editAt the time of the murders, Black Muslims were known as the Nation of Islam (NOI) and then changed their name to World Community Islam in the West.[11]
Hamaas Abdul Khaalis was originally a Roman Catholic[12] and Seventh-day Adventist[13] born in Gary, Indiana[12] as Ernest Timothy McGhee. He converted to Sunni Islam and on the advice of his Islamic teacher, Tasibur Uddein Rahman,[12] infiltrated the Black Muslims.[12] He changed his name to Ernest 2x McGhee and served as principal of the sect's school, and then went on to become Elijah Muhammad's national secretary at their Chicago national headquarters from 1954 to 1957. In an interview, Khaalis said, "Elijah once said that I was next in line to him, that it was me, not Malcolm X."
In 1957 he was demoted or lost influence in a dispute[12] possibly after unsuccessfully trying to convince Muhammad to change the direction of the movement.[14] He then moved to New York City where he ran the Hanafi Madh-hab center in Harlem under his Sunni Muslim name Hamaas Abdul Khaalis. In New York, he continued trying to convince members to defect from Muhammad. In 1970, Khaalis converted basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who was formerly known as Lew Alcindor. In 1971 Jabbar donated a $78,000 field stone mansion for Khaalis' headquarters in Washington, D.C.[2]
Police believed the continued efforts to convert people in New York to be a reason for the growing conflict between Sunni Muslims and Black Muslims, and may have contributed to the murders.[12] In an interview Khaalis spoke of Malcolm X, "When Malcolm was killed I was teaching him the Sunni way," and "He used to come to my house on Long Island and we would sit in his car for hours. He would meet me after he left the temple. Never in public because he knew they were after him. He was saying the wrong things."[12]
Massacre
editOn January 12, 1973, several Black Mafia affiliates traveled to Washington, D.C and scouted the home. Then on January 17, 1973, Ronald Harvey, John Clark, James "Bubbles" Price, John Griffin, Theodore Moody, William Christian, and Jerome Sinclair traveled in two vehicles from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C.[2]
One of the men called claiming to be interested in purchasing literature about the Hanafi and arranged to come to the residence to purchase the literature. Two of them came to purchase material. One man gave Khaalis' son, Daud, a bill and needed some change. Daud left the room to get change, and upon returning he was told, "This is a stick up."[5] The two men then let five or six additional people into the residence.[5]
Daud was killed first. He was taken to the third floor and shot. Abdu Nur was shot in a bedroom.[5] Bibi Khaalis, one of Hamaas' wives, was forced to watch them drown two of the children in an upstairs bathtub and she was also taken to the basement where she was forced to watch them drown her nine-day-old granddaughter in a sink. Then Bibi was bound, gagged, and shot eight times.[5][2]
Amina, Khaalis' daughter, was put in a closet and shot three times. She was told, "You know your father wrote those letters, don't you? Don't you know he can't do anything like that?"[5] Unsure if she was dead, she was shot two more times, and then the gun jammed.[5][2] Amina survived the shooting.
Seven Philadelphia Black Muslims were charged for the crime.[4]
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was a pallbearer at the funeral for Khaalis' children.[15]
Trials
editJames Price, 23, Jerome Sinclair, 22, also known as Jerome 5X; John W. Griffin, 28, also known as Omar Jamal; John W. Clark, 31; Thomas Moody, 20; and William Christian, 29, were indicted. They all had extensive police records and, with the exception of Christian, they all had served prison sentences at Holmesburg Prison.[16]
Of the six defendants, one was acquitted when a key witness, Price, an unindicted co-conspirator, refused to testify.[4] Price was not happy with the lifestyle afforded as a protected witness. Price also thought that if he could get out from the witness protection program he could reintegrate with his black Muslim brothers and they would stop threatening violence against him. Then Minister Louis Farrakhan on behalf of Elijah Muhammad, aired a threat during his radio broadcast:[2]
Let this be a warning to the opponents of Muhammad. Let this be a warning to those of you who would be used as an instrument of a wicked government against our rise. Be careful, because when the government is tired of using you, they're going to dump you back into the laps of your people. And although Elijah Muhammad is a merciful man and will say, "Come in," and forgive you, yet in the ranks of black people today there are younger men and women rising up who have no forgiveness in them for traitors and stool pigeons. And they will execute you as soon as your identity is known. Be careful because nothing shall prevent the rise of the messiah, The Nation of Islam, and the black man the world over.[2]
This broadcast led Price to refuse to testify.[2] He was later murdered in Holmesburg prison, where he was housed with other Black Muslims.[4]
Another defendant, John Griffin, was granted a retrial after the jury had found him guilty, which ended in a mistrial because Amina Khaalis, a survivor of the massacre and the daughter of the Hanafi leader, refused to be cross-examined as she had "suffered irreparable psychological trauma" and it was thought that it was "highly probable" that she would suffer psychiatric injury if she were to testify again about the murders.[1]
One of the men indicted, Ronald Harvey, was also indicted for the Camden, New Jersey murder of Major Coxson, a flamboyant black businessman and unsuccessful candidate for mayor of Camden.[17]
1977 Hanafi Siege
editIn 1977, Hamaas Abdul Khaalis led an attack in Washington, D.C., the 1977 Hanafi Siege. He said that the purpose of the siege was to bring attention to the murders of his wife, two children, and nine-day-old grandchild, and the shooting of his daughter.
The murder brought attention to the armed conflict between Sunni Muslims and Nation of Islam Muslims. Sunni Muslims believe Nation of Islam Muslims changed the doctrines of Islam by excluding whites and by accepting Elijah Muhammad as a messenger of Allah. Sunnis believe that Islam is color-blind and that whites can become Muslim. They also believe that Muhammad was the last messenger of Allah.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Kiernan, Laura (October 19, 1977). "Amina Khaalis Relives Horror of Slayings, Court Is Told". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Griffin, S.P. (11 April 2006). "4". Philadelphia's Black Mafia: A Social and Political History. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 35–37. ISBN 0-306-48132-4.
- ^ "Arrest Last Suspect in Murder". Stevens Point Daily Journal. March 28, 1974.
- ^ a b c d Meyer, Eugene; Edwards, Paul (March 10, 1977). "Barry 'A Very Lucky Man". Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Delaney, Paul (January 25, 1973). "Survivor Tells How 7 Moslems Died in Washington". New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ Jet (February 22, 1973). "Muslims Mum on Charge". jJohnson Publishing Company. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
- ^ "4 Muslims in Store Siege Are Convicted of Murder". The New York Times. June 22, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Reub, Emily (September 10, 2012). "A 1973 Hostage Situation, Revisited". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Lichtenstein, Grace (June 20, 1974). "TRIAL OF MUSLIMS GOES TO THE JURY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Kraft, Brian Jones (2022-01-19). "Three Days in January: Revisiting The Broadway Hostage Crisis of 1973". Bushwick Daily. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Kiernan, Laura (November 6, 1977). "Hanafi Case Defendant Is Acquitted". Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Delaney, Paul (January 31, 1973). "Rival Leader Tells of Efforts to Convert Black Muslims". The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ Meyer, Eugene; Whitaker, James; Colen, B.D. (March 11, 1977). "Tiny Hanafi Sect's Followers Devoted, U.S.-Born Converts". Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ "African-American Islam". encyclopedia.com. Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ Book, Simeon (March 31, 1977). "Father In Law of Hanafi Leader Speaks His Mind". Jet.
- ^ Janson, Donald (August 22, 1973). "Coxson Murder Suspect Fails to Show Up in Court". New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ "Muslims Charged in Seven Killings To Go on Trial in Washington Court". New York Times. February 18, 1974. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
