Wikipedia

National Redemption Council

(Redirected from 1972 Ghanaian coup d'état)

The National Redemption Council (NRC) was the ruling Ghana military government from 13 January 1972 to 9 October 1975. Its chairman was Colonel I. K. Acheampong, who was thus also the head of state of Ghana.

National Redemption Council
Overview
Established13 January 1972 (1972-01-13)
Dissolved9 October 1975 (1975-10-09)
StateGhana
LeaderChairman (Ignatius Kutu Acheampong)
HeadquartersAccra

Duration of rule

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The NRC came into power through a bloodless coup d'état, led by Acheampong, which overthrew the democratically elected Progress Party (PP) government of Dr. K. A. Busia, taking place while Dr. Busia was in the United Kingdom for medical reasons.[1] The constitution was suspended and all political parties banned. One of the main grievances leading to the coup had been the currency devaluations undertaken under the PP regime.[2]

13 January 1972

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Acheampong is reported to have been promoted to Colonel just two days prior to the coup to "secure his loyalty" for the Busia government. He was also the commander of the First Infantry Brigade at the time (now Southern Command of the Ghana Army). He collaborated with three officers, Major Agbo, Major Baah and Major Selormey, whose military units were vital for the bloodless coup. Agbo is quoted as stating that Acheampong was brought in at the latter stages to support the coup.[3] Agbo was the second-in-command of the First Infantry Battalion at Tema, Selormey was the second-in-command of the armored regiment and Baah was the second-in-command of the Fifth Infantry Battalion in Accra.[4] Acheampong stated in the nationwide broadcast to announce the coup that:

I bring you good tidings; Busia's hypocrisy has been detected. We, in the Ghana Armed Forces, have today taken over the Government from Busia and his ruling Progress Party. With immediate effect, the Constitution is withdrawn, Parliament is dissolved, the Progress Party and all political parties are banned.[1]

9 October 1975

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On 9 October 1975, the NRC was replaced by the Supreme Military Council.[5] Its composition consisted of Acheampong, the chairman, who was also promoted straight from Colonel to General. The others included the military hierarchy including all military service commanders such as Lt. Gen. Akuffo the Chief of Defence Staff, and the army, navy, air force and Border Guards commanders respectively. Some officers were promoted, some changed portfolios and many others were dropped.[citation needed] The Commanders of the First and Second Infantry Brigades of the Ghana Army were also included.[6] It is thought that this coup removed Agbo, Baah and Selormey, whom Acheampong had begun to see as a threat. It also made the various service commanders in charge of both the military and the state as there had been some tensions between relatively junior officers in government and the senior commanders of the Armed Forces.[3]

Programmes

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The NRC government embarked on various programmes to help improve the economy. One of its most successful was the "Operation Feed Yourself" programme which encouraged self-reliance on home-grown food by encouraging both large scale and small scale farming. This started well but is ultimately seen as a failure in the end.[7] It was during this era that the National Pledge was also introduced. This was to be recited on national occasions. The government also revalued the national currency which had been devalued by the Busia government by 42 per cent.[8] It also repudiated some of the national debt in February 1972.[9] On 4 August 1974, the "Operation Keep Right" was implemented which changed Ghana's road traffic from driving on the left as introduced by the United Kingdom to driving on the right in harmony with its neighbouring West African states where traffic circulation was on the right.[10] This was supervised by Akuffo who was the Border Guards commander at the time. The NRC government also implemented the official conversion of units of measurement in the country to the metric system on 1 September 1975.[11]

Foiled coup attempts

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There were several attempts to overthrow the NRC government. None of them resulted in bloodshed. In November 1972, 8 people were found guilty by a military tribunal for plotting to overthrow the government. They were Staff Sergeant S. J. Opon-Nyantekyi, Daniel D. O. Attakora, Emil W. K. Adzima who was the former press secretary to Kofi Busia, George K. A. Ofosu-Amaah, who was a senior lecturer in law at the University of Ghana and Director of the Special Branch (national intelligence unit) in the Busia regime, Private C. Adu Boateng, Sergeant W. Agyare, Private K. Oduro and Sergeant G. Nimako.[12]

In August 1973, Kojo Botsio, a minister in the Nkrumah CPP government together with others was arrested for planning to overthrow the government.[9]

In December 1973, three out of five accused persons were found guilty of subversion by a military tribunal. The guilty were Imoru Ayarna, former leader of the disbanded People's Action Party, Kojo Botsio and John Tettegah. Albert Kwaku Owusu-Boateng was jailed for 30 years for concealing the plot while Air Force Major Alexander A. Awuviri was acquitted and discharged.[13]

In 1976, a coup plot referred to as the "One Man One Matchet" coup was foiled. The plotters included Brigadier Khattah, the leader, who escaped arrest and the others were Kojo Tsikata, a retired Ghana Army captain, Victor Latzoo, a retired lieutenant in the Ghana Army, Staff Sergeant Godfried K. Amereka, Warrant Officer H. Raphael Nyatepeh, Captain Gustav K. Banini, Corporal John Gbeeze, Francis Agboada and Michael Hamenoo.[14] Tsikata, Staff Sergeant Godfried Amereka, Warrant Officer Raphael Nyatepeh, Francis Agboada and Michael Hamenoo were sentenced to death. Two others were sentenced to eighteen years in jail.[15]

Members of the NRC

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The NRC was made up of Acheampong, the various service commanders of the Ghana Armed Forces, the Inspector General of Police, four other army officers of the rank of Major and a civilian who was the Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice.

List of members

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Office Name Start End
Head of state and Chairman Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong[1] 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Chief of the Defence Staff Major General N. Y. A. Ashley-Larsen[1] 13 January 1972 December 1974[16]
Chief of Army Staff Colonel Emmanuel Alexander Erskine[1] 13 January 1972 ?
Chief of Naval Staff Commodore P.F. Quaye[1] 13 January 1972 ?
Chief of Air Staff Air Commodore Charles Beausoliel[1] 13 January 1972 ?
Inspector General of Police J. H. Cobbina[1] 13 January 1972 September 1974
Member Colonel J. C. Adjeitey[17] 13 January 1972
Member Lt. Colonel C.D. Benni[18] 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Member Lt. Colonel Kwame R.M. Baah (then Major)[1] 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Member Lt. Colonel Anthony Hugh Selormey (then Major)[1] 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Member Lt. Colonel K. B. Agbo (then Major)[1] 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Member Major General Roger J A Felli[1] 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Member Commander Boham[18] 13 January 1972 ?
Member Lt. Colonel Barnor[19] 1972
Attorney General & Commissioner for Justice; Member E. N. Moore[19] 13 January 1972 9 October 1975

List of commissioners in NRC government

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Office Name Start End
Commissioner for Foreign Affairs Major General Nathan Apea Aferi 1972 1972
Major Kwame Baah[20] 1972 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Internal Affairs and
Inspector General of Police		 J. H. Cobbina[21] 13 January 1972 September 1974
Ernest Ako September 1974 October 1975
Commissioner for Defence Colonel Kutu Acheampong[21] 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Attorney-General and
Commissioner for Justice		 Edward Nathaniel Moore 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Finance and Economic Affairs Colonel Kutu Acheampong[21] 13 January 1972 ?
Major Roger J. A. Felli[22] c. 1974
Amon Nikoi
(Commissioner for Finance and Economic Planning)		 ? 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Local Government Colonel Victor Coker-Appiah[23] c. 1972
Major General Nathan Aferi 13 January 1972 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Agriculture[24] Major-General Daniel Addo[21] 1972 1973
Colonel Frank Bernasko[25] 1973 1975
Lt. Col Paul Nkegbe 1975
Commissioner for Health Colonel J. C. Adjeitey[21] ? ?
Lt. Colonel Anthony Hugh Selormey[26] 1 May 1973 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Labour, Social Welfare and Co-operatives Major Kwame Asante[27] 1972 1973
Major K. B. Agbo 1973 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Lands and Mineral Resources Major Kwame Baah[23] c. 1972
Major General D. C. K. Amenu[28] ? 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Industry Major K. B. Agbo 1972 ?
Lt. Col. George Minyila ? 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Works and Housing Major Roger Felli 1972 1972
Colonel Victor Coker-Appiah 1972 1974
Colonel R. E. A. Kotei[25] ? 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Trade and Tourism Major Roger Felli 1972 ?
Lt. Colonel D. A. Iddisah[22] 1974 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Transport and Communications Lt. Col. Anthony Selormey[29] 1972 1973
Major Kwame Asante 1973 April 1974
Colonel Peter Kwame Agyekum April 1974 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Education, Culture and Sports Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Nkegbe[21][30]
 c. 1973
Colonel Emmanuel Obeng Nyante[31]
(Commissioner for Education, Youth and Culture)		 ? 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Information Colonel Kutu Acheampong ?
Colonel C. R. Tachie-Menson[25] 1974 9 October 1975
Commissioner for Cocoa Affairs Colonel Frank Bernasko
Commander J. A. Kyeremeh ? October 1975
Commissioner for NRC Affairs Lt. Colonel C.D. Benni[32]
E. K. Buckman ? October 1975

List of regional commissioners in NRC government

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Office Name Start End
Ashanti Regional Commissioner Lt. Colonel E. A. Baidoo[18] January 1972 May 1974
Commander Joy K. Amedume[33] May 1974 9 October 1975
Brong Ahafo Region Commander J. A. Kyeremeh[18] 1972 1974
Lt. Col. Victor Coker Appiah 1974 30 April 1975
Lt. Col. O. K. Abrefa May 1975 October 1975
Central Region Colonel Frank Bernasko[18] 1972 1973
Commander Joy Amedume 1973 May 1974
Lt. Col. E. A. Baidoo May 1974 9 October 1975
Eastern Region Colonel Emmanuel Obeng Nyante[18] 1972 ?
Lt. Col. George Minyila 1973 1975
Lt. Col. Kweku Adade Takyi 1975 October 1975
Greater Accra Regional Commissioner Col. W. C. O. Acquaye-Nortey[19] 14 January 1972 29 May 1972
Lt. Colonel Philip K. D. Habadah[34] 30 May 1972 9 October 1975
Northern Regional Commissioner Lt. Colonel D. A. Iddisah 1972 ?
Col. P. K. Agyekum 1973 April 1974
Lt. Col. Festus F. Addae April 1974 9 October 1975
Upper Region Lt. Colonel George Minyila[18] 1972 ?
Col. W. C. O. Acquaye-Nortey 30 May 1972 30 August 1975
Major Michael Ofori-Akuamoah ? October 1975
Volta Regional Commissioner Major Philip K. D. Habadah[18] 1972 May 1973
Colonel E. O. Nyante[35] May 1973 January 1974
Col. J. A. Kabore[36] January 1974 9 October 1975
Western Region Colonel P. A. Agyekum[18] 1972 ?
Commander J. A. Kyeremeh[22] 1974
Col. W. C. O. Acquaye-Nortey 1 September 1975 9 October 1975


Office Name Dates Notes
Secretary to the Cabinet Nathan Quao 1972–1973
Ebenezer Moses Debrah 1973–1976
Frank W. Beecham 1976–1978

Some programmes of the NRC

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  • The NRC introduced the Ghana National Pledge.
  • Operation Feed Yourself - an Agricultural campaign for national self-sufficiency in food supplies.
  • Operation Keep Right - The changeover from driving on the left to the right which occurred on 4 August 1974.
Preceded by Government of Ghana
(Military Regime)
1972 – 1975 		Succeeded by

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Members of the National Redemption Council. Public Relations Department, Ghana. 2006. ISBN 9789988809782. OCLC 404100555.
  2. ^ "Ghana - The National Redemption Council Years, 1972-79". Library of Congress Studies Country Profile. Federal Research Division, Library of Congressm, USA. November 1994. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  3. ^ a b Singh, Naunihal (26 August 2014). Seizing power : the strategic logic of military coups. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 89 & 139. ISBN 978-1421413365.
  4. ^ Bennet, Valerie Plave (1975). "Epilogue:Malcontents in Uniform". In Austin, Dennis; Luckham, Robin (eds.). Politicians and Soldiers in Ghana, 1966–1972. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited. p. 305. ISBN 978-0714630496.
  5. ^ "Ghana". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  6. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 195. ISBN 9988809786.
  7. ^ Owusu-Ansah, David (2005). Historical dictionary of Ghana (3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8108-5328-7.
  8. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 172. ISBN 9988-8097-8-6.
  9. ^ a b Owusu-Ansah, David (2005). "Chronology". Historical dictionary of Ghana (3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. lv–lvi. ISBN 978-0-8108-5328-7.
  10. ^ "Ghana Goes Right". Daily Telegraph (London). August 5, 1974. Page 13.
  11. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 193. ISBN 9988-8097-8-6.
  12. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 177. ISBN 9988-8097-8-6.
  13. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 183. ISBN 9988-8097-8-6.
  14. ^ Asamoah, Obed Y. (2014). The political history of Ghana (1950-2013) : the experience of a non-conformist. Bloomington, IN. ISBN 978-1496985644.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ "Ghanaian Death Sentence Based On Torture Evidence" (PDF). Campaign for the Abolition of Torture. III (9). Amnesty International: 1. 1 September 1976. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  16. ^ "Past General Officers Commanding /Chiefs of the Defence Staff". www.gaf.mil.gh. Ghana Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  17. ^ "INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE COUNTRY PROFILE - GHANA" (PDF). Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre. April 1973. p. 5. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jubilee Ghana - A 50-year news journey thru' Graphic. Accra, Ghana: Graphic Communications Group Ltd. 2006. p. 171. ISBN 9988809786.
  19. ^ a b c Austin, Dennis; Luckham, Robin, eds. (1975). Politicians and soldiers in Ghana, 1966-1972 (1st ed.). London: Cass. p. 304. ISBN 978-0714630496.
  20. ^ "Ghanan and GDR Sign Trade Agreement". Ghana News. 6 (6/74). Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana: 3. 31 March 1974. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Paxton, J. (14 Sep 1972). The Statesman's Year-Book 1972-73. Macmillan. p. 309. ISBN 978-0333124062. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  22. ^ a b c Jubilee Ghana - 50-year news journey thro' Graphic. Accra, Ghana: Graphic Communications Group Ltd. 2006. p. 184. ISBN 9988809786.
  23. ^ a b Know your commissioners. Public Relations Dept., Accra. 1972. OCLC 404100564. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  24. ^ "Former Heads of MoFA". Official website. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  25. ^ a b c Jubilee Ghana - 50-year news journey thro' Graphic. Accra, Ghana: Graphic Communications Group Ltd. 2006. p. 185. ISBN 9988809786.
  26. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 185. ISBN 9988809786.
  27. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 174. ISBN 9988809786.
  28. ^ Nkrumah, I. K., ed. (6 December 1974). "'Enforce Forestry Laws'". Daily Graphic (7513). Accra: Graphic Communications Group. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  29. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 188. ISBN 9988809786.
  30. ^ Jubilee Ghana - 50-year news journey thru' Graphic. Accra, Ghana: Graphic Communications Group Ltd. 2006. p. 182. ISBN 9988809786.
  31. ^ Paxton, John, ed. (1974). "Ghana". The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1974–1975. Palgrave Macmillan UK: 310–316. doi:10.1057/9780230271036. ISBN 9780230271036. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  32. ^ "INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE COUNTRY PROFILE - GHANA" (PDF). Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre. April 1973. p. 6. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  33. ^ Jubilee Ghana : a 50-year news journey thro' graphic. Accra: Graphic. 2006. p. 187. ISBN 9988809786.
  34. ^ Jubilee Ghana - 50-year news journey thro' Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Graphic Communications Group Ltd. 2006. p. 185. ISBN 9988809786.
  35. ^ AKPAKLI, INNOCENT (19 September 2017). "Creation of New Regions ( Volta at a glance)". GhTrendz.com. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  36. ^ Nugent, Paul Christopher (October 1991). "National Integration and the Vicissitudes of State Power in Ghana: The Political Incorporation of Likpe, a Border Community, 1945-19B6" - A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (PDF). ProQuest LLC. p. 201. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
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Preceded by Government of Ghana
(Military Regime)
January 1972 – October 1975 		Succeeded by
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