The 1948 Democratic National Convention was held at Philadelphia Convention Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from July 12 to July 15, 1948, and resulted in the nominations of President Harry S. Truman for a full term and Senator Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky for vice president in the 1948 presidential election.
| 1948 presidential election | |
  Nominees Truman and Barkley | |
| Convention | |
|---|---|
| Date(s) | July 12–15, 1948 |
| City | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Venue | Philadelphia Convention Hall |
| Candidates | |
| Presidential nominee | Harry S. Truman of Missouri |
| Vice-presidential nominee | Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky |
One of the decisive factors in convening both major party conventions in Philadelphia that year was that the eastern Pennsylvania area was part of the newly developing broadcast television market. In 1947, TV stations in New York City, Washington and Philadelphia were connected by a coaxial cable. By the summer of 1948 two of the three new television networks, NBC and CBS, had the ability to telecast along the east coast live gavel-to-gavel coverage of both conventions. In television's early days, live broadcasts were not routinely recorded, but a few minutes of Kinescope film of the conventions has survived.[1]
Keynote speech
editThe convention was called to order by the permanent chairman, Senator Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky.[2] With delegates demoralized by Republican wins in 1946 that had given them control of Congress, and what appeared to be Truman's slim chance for reelection in his own right, on July 13 Barkley gave the keynote speech, as he had in 1932 and 1936.[2] He roused the delegates with his opening declaration "We have assembled here for a great purpose. We are here to give the American people an accounting of our stewardship in the administration of their affairs for sixteen outstanding, eventful years, for not one of which we make an apology!"[3] Barkley continued by recalling the bad times of the Great Depression of the 1930s to turn the Republicans' most-repeated attack back on them.[3] Republicans proposed "to clean the cobwebs" from the federal government.[3] Said Barkley: "I am not an expert on cobwebs. But if my memory does not betray me, when the Democratic party took over ... sixteen years ago, even the spiders were so weak from starvation they could not weave a cobweb in any department of the government in Washington!"[3] Barkley concluded his hour-long oration with a visionary call for the Democrats to "lead the children of men ... into a free world and a free life," which inspired the delegates to cheer for more than 30 minutes.[3] His rhetorical effort had the effect of energizing delegates, who began to recover their enthusiasm.[3] It also had the effect of propelling Barkley towards the vice presidential nomination.[3]
Dispute over civil rights
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On July 14, Northern Democrats led by Minneapolis Mayor Hubert Humphrey and Illinois Senate candidate Paul Douglas pushed for the convention to adopt a strong civil rights platform plank and endorse President Truman's pro-civil rights actions.[4] They were opposed by conservatives opposed to racial integration and by moderates who feared alienating Southern voters (regarded as essential to a Democratic victory), including some of Truman's own aides. They were supported by northeastern urban Democratic leaders, who thought the plank would appeal to the growing black vote in their cities, traditionally Republican.[5]
In a speech to the convention, Humphrey urged the Democratic Party to "get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights." The convention adopted the civil rights plank in a close vote (651½–582½).[6]
The southern delegates planned on conducting a walkout during the roll call vote on the party's platform starting with the Alabama delegation, but Sam Rayburn, chair of the convention, instead used a voice vote as he believed a walkout would ruin Truman's presidential campaign. Only 35 of the 278 southern delegates, thirteen from Alabama and the entire twenty-two member Mississippi delegation, left the convention on July 15. 23 of Alabama's 30 alternate delegates also left. The remaining southern delegates gave their support to Senator Richard Russell Jr. on the presidential ballot,[7][8][9] with North Carolina being the only Southern state to give Truman any delegates.[10]
The bolted delegates and other Southerners then formed the States' Rights Democratic Party ("Dixiecrats"), which nominated Strom Thurmond for president and Fielding L. Wright for vice president.
The fight over the civil rights plank at the 1948 convention was a launching point for Humphrey as a political figure of national stature. He was elected to the Senate in November, and in 1964, Vice President of the United States.
Presidential nomination
editPresidential candidates
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Balloting for president and vice president took place on July 15.[3] While Southerners who opposed the expansion of civil rights contested Truman for the nomination, he was easily nominated on the first ballot.[3]
Balloting
editIn the absence of Southern delegates who walked out of the convention with Thurmond, Truman was nominated on a revised first ballot:
| Presidential Balloting | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate | 1st (Before Shifts) | 1st (After Shifts) |
| Truman | 926 | 947.5 |
| Russell | 266 | 263 |
| Roe | 15 | 0 |
| McNutt | 2.5 | 0.5 |
| Barkley | 1 | 0 |
| Absent | 22 | 22 |
| Not Voting | 1.5 | 1 |
Presidential Balloting / 4th Day of Convention (July 15, 1948)
-
1st Presidential Ballot
(Before Shifts) -
1st Presidential Ballot
(After Shifts)
Vice presidential nomination
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Various Democratic Party leaders had promoted candidates for the vice presidential nomination, including Alben W. Barkley and Wilson W. Wyatt of Kentucky, William Preston Lane Jr. and Millard Tydings of Maryland, Oscar R. Ewing of Iowa, James Roosevelt of California, and Joseph C. O'Mahoney of Wyoming.[11] A group of women delegates also made an unsuccessful effort to put forward former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt as a candidate.[12]
In addition, Truman tried to interest William O. Douglas in the nomination, but Douglas declined.[11] During the convention, Barkley's keynote speech won over the delegates,[11] and when it became clear Barkley had more than enough support to win the nomination, Truman agreed to accept him as his running mate.[11]
Barkley was nominated by acclamation.[13]
Truman's acceptance
editTruman was scheduled to give his acceptance speech at 10 pm on July 14, but the convention was behind schedule, so he spoke in the early morning hours of July 15.[14] In his opening, Truman told the delegates "Senator Barkley and I will win this election and make these Republicans like it — don't you forget that!"[14] His pugnacious attack on what he termed the "Do-Nothing 80th Congress", further energized the delegates who had not taken part in the Dixiecrat walkout.[14] Truman's speech was looked on in retrospect as the start of the "Give 'em Hell, Harry!" campaign theme that enabled Truman to win the November general election.[3]
See also
edit- History of the United States Democratic Party
- Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1948
- List of Democratic National Conventions
- U.S. presidential nomination convention
- 1948 Republican National Convention
- 1948 United States presidential election
- Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution
References
edit- ^ Simmons, Amy V. (August 5, 2016). "The first televised Democratic Convention, 70 years later: An unplanned delegate remembers". Philadelphia Sun. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
- ^ a b Taylor, Jeff (2013). Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-7391-7575-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shogan, Robert (June 1968). "1948 Election". American Heritage. Rockville, MD: American Heritage Publishing Company.
- ^ Steve Inskeep, Ron Elving (August 27, 2008). "In 1948, Democrats Weathered Civil Rights Divide". npr.org.
- ^ Steven White (March 15, 2013). ""The Crackpots Hope the South Will Bolt": Civil Rights Liberalism & Roll Call Voting by Northern State Delegations at the 1948 Democratic National Convention" (PDF). sas.upenn.edu.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Katagiri, Yasuhiro. The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: Civil Rights and States' Rights Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001; p. xxiv.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 98.
- ^ Hardeman & Bacon 1990, p. 336-338.
- ^ "Scene Is Dramatic As Southerners Stalk Out Of Convention; Boos And Cheers Echo". Talladega Daily Home. July 15, 1948. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Mann, Robert (1996). The walls of Jericho. Harcourt Brace. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-15-100065-4.
- ^ a b c d "Truman Happy to Take Barkley After Trying to Stop Him". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, MO. July 13, 1948. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Brandon, Dorothy (July 17, 1952). "Mrs. Conkey Has Doubts India Edwards Can Win". The Boston Daily Globe. p. 2. Retrieved July 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Cornell, Douglas B. (July 14, 1948). "Truman OK's Barkley Boom". Owensboro Messenger. Owensboro, KY. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Pietrusza, David (2014). "Harry S. Truman's Speech at the 1948 Democratic National Convention—Harry S. Truman (July 15, 1948)" (PDF). www.loc.gov. Washington, DC: Library of Congress. pp. 3, 4.
Works cited
edit- Black, Earl; Black, Merle (1992). The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674941306.
- Hardeman, D.; Bacon, Donald (1990). Rayburn: A Biopgrahy. Texas Monthly. ISBN 0932012035.
External links
edit- Democratic Party Platform of 1948 at The American Presidency Project
- Truman Nomination Acceptance Speech for President at DNC (transcript) at The American Presidency Project
- 1948 Democratic National Convention at Smithsonian Magazine
- President Truman's Address to the 1948 Democratic National Convention Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- Hubert Humphrey's Civil Rights Speech (YouTube)
- Video of Truman nomination acceptance speech for President at DNC (via YouTube)
- Audio of Truman nomination acceptance speech for President at DNC[permanent dead link]
- Race for the White House: Truman vs. Dewey (YouTube)
| Preceded by 1944 Chicago, Illinois |
Democratic National Conventions | Succeeded by 1952 Chicago, Illinois |