[1.1.1]Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula C5H6 or C2(CH2)3. The molecular structure consists of three rings of three carbon atoms each, sharing one C–C bond.
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Tricyclo[1.1.1.01,3]pentane | |||
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3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| C5H6 | |||
| Molar mass | 66.103 g·mol−1 | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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[1.1.1]Propellane is a highly strained molecule. The bonds of the two central carbon atoms have an inverted tetrahedral geometry, and the length of the central bond is 160 pm. The strength of that bond is disputed; estimates vary from 59–65 kcal/mol to no strength at all. The energy of the biradical state (with no central bond at all) is calculated to be 80 kcal/mol higher. At 114 °C it will spontaneously isomerize to 3-methylidenecyclobutene (5 below) with a half-life of 5 minutes. Its strain energy is estimated to be 102 kcal/mol (427 kJ/mol). Surprisingly, [1.1.1]propellane is persistent at room temperature and is somewhat less susceptible to thermal decomposition than the less strained (90 kcal/mol) [2.2.2]propellane system, which has an estimated half-life of only about 1 h at 25 °C.[1] This unusual stability is attributed to delocalisation of electron density from the bond between the central carbon atoms onto the bridging carbon atoms.[2]
The type of bonding in this molecule has been explained in terms of charge-shift bonding.[3]
Synthesis
edit[1.1.1]Propellane was first reported by Kenneth B. Wiberg and F. Walker in 1982. The synthesis commences with cyclopropanation of 1,1-bis(chloromethyl)ethylene,[4] according to the following scheme:
Scheme 1. Synthesis of [1.1.1]propellane
Synthesis begins with conversion of the 1,3-di-carboxylic acid of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane 1 in a Hunsdiecker reaction to the corresponding dibromide 2 followed by a coupling reaction with n-butyllithium. The final product 3 was isolated by column chromatography at −30 °C.
However, a much simplified synthesis was published by Szeimies.[5] It starts with dibromocarbene addition to the alkene bond of 3-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)propene 6 followed by deprotonation by methyllithium and nucleophilic displacements in 7.[6] The product was not isolated but kept in solution at −196 °C.
Reactions
editAcetic acid addition
edit[1.1.1]Propellane spontaneously reacts with acetic acid to yield a methylidenecyclobutane ester (4 above).
Polymerization
edit[1.1.1]Propellane undergoes a polymerization reaction where the central C–C bond is split and connected to adjacent monomer units, resulting in staffanes.[7]
Scheme 2. Synthesis of [n]staffane
A radical polymerization initiated by methyl formate and benzoyl peroxide results in a distribution of oligomers. An anionic addition polymerization with n-butyllithium results in a fully polymerized product. X-ray diffraction of the polymer shows that the connecting C–C bonds have bond lengths of only 1.48 Å, significantly shorter than the normal 1.54 Å.
The compound 1,3-dehydroadamantane, which can be viewed as a bridged [1.3.3]propellane, also polymerizes in a similar way.
See also
edit- [2.2.2]Propellane
- Bicyclo(1.1.1)pentane which lacks a bond between the bridgehead carbons.
References
edit- ^ "Houben-Weyl Methods of Organic Chemistry Vol. E 17e, 4th Edition Supplement (E-Book PDF) - Thieme.de - Thieme Webshop - Armin de Meijere, Holger Butenschön, Hak-Fun Chow, Lutz Fitjer, Günter Haufe". Thieme Webshop (in German). Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
- ^ Sterling, Alistair J.; Dürr, Alexander; Smith, Russell; Anderson, Edward Alexander; Duarte, Fernanda (2020-04-13). "Rationalizing the diverse reactivity of [1.1.1]propellane through sigma-pi-delocalization". Chemical Science. 11 (19): 4895–4903. doi:10.1039/D0SC01386B. ISSN 2041-6539. PMC 8159217. PMID 34122945.
- ^ Wu, Wei; Gu, Junjing; Song, Jinshuai; Shaik, Sason; Hiberty, Philippe C. (2009). "The Inverted Bond in [1.1.1]Propellane is a Charge-Shift Bond". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (8): 1407–1410. doi:10.1002/anie.200804965. PMID 19072971.
- ^ Wiberg, K. B.; Walker, F. H. (1982). "[1.1.1]Propellane". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 (19): 5239–5240. doi:10.1021/ja00383a046.
- ^ Belzner, Johannes; Bunz, Uwe; Semmler, Klaus; Szeimies, Günter; Opitz, Klaus; Schlüter, Arnulf-Dieter; et al. (1989). "Concerning the synthesis of [1.1.1]propellane". Chem. Ber. 122 (2): 397–398. doi:10.1002/cber.19891220233.
- ^ Mondanaro, Kathleen R.; Dailey, William P. "[1.1.1]Propellane". Organic Syntheses. 75: 98; Collected Volumes, vol. 10.
- ^ Kaszynski, Piotr; Michl, Josef (1988). "[n]Staffanes: a molecular-size "Tinkertoy" construction set for nanotechnology. Preparation of end-functionalized telomers and a polymer of [1.1.1]propellane". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (15): 5225–5226. doi:10.1021/ja00223a070.