Étienne-Joseph Floquet (23 November 1748 – 10 May 1785) was a French composer, mainly of operas. He was born in Aix-en-Provence and began his career by writing church music, before moving to Paris in 1767.[1] There, Floquet made a name for himself with the requiem he wrote for the funeral of the composer Jean-Joseph de Mondonville in 1772.[2] Floquet's first work for the Paris Opéra, the ballet héroïque L'union de l'amour et les arts, was a triumph, enjoying 60 performances between its premiere in September 1773 and January 1774.[1] The audience at the premiere was so enthusiastic that the performance had to be stopped several times because of the applause and, at the final curtain, Floquet was presented on stage, the first composer in the history of the Paris Opéra to enjoy such an honour.[2] However, the arrival of the German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck in Paris later that year changed French musical taste and Floquet's style became unfashionable. After the failure of his next opera, Azolan, Floquet decided to travel to Italy to perfect his musical education. There he studied composition under Nicola Sala in Naples and counterpoint under Padre Martini in Bologna, where he turned momentarily back to church music composing a Te Deum.[3]
Floquet returned to France in 1777 to find the Parisian public was now split between the supporters of Gluck and the partisans of the Italian Niccolò Piccinni. There was little demand for operas by native French composers and Floquet struggled to have his tragédie lyrique Hellé staged.[1] When it eventually appeared in 1779, it was booed, despite Floquet's attempt to imitate the style of Piccinni, and ran for only three performances.[1][4] Floquet had more success with the lighter Le seigneur bienfaisant and La nouvelle Omphale. He turned to a tragic subject once more when he produced a new musical score for Philippe Quinault's libretto Alceste, originally set by Jean-Baptiste Lully in 1674.[5] Floquet's version was rehearsed but then rejected by the Paris Opéra. The composer was in poor health and the disappointment at his failure to have Alceste staged was said to have contributed to his early death soon afterwards. He left two unfinished operas, one of which, the "fairyland opera" (opéra féerie) Alcindor, was completed by Nicolas Dezède and given its unsuccessful première on 17 April 1787.[6]
Operas
edit| Title | Genre | Subdivisions | Libretto | Première date | Theatre | References for the information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L'union de l'amour et les arts | ballet héroïque | 3 entrées | Pierre-René Lemonnier | 7 September 1773 | Paris Opéra | Dratwicki, Antoine Dauvergne, p. 297; Rushton in Grove; Pitou, pp. 534–535 |
| Azolan, ou Le serment indiscret | opéra-ballet | 3 entrées | Lemonnier, based on a story by Voltaire | 15 November 1774 | Paris Opéra | Clément and Larousse Dictionnaire des opéras, p. 73; Pitou, p. 60 |
| Hellé | tragédie lyrique | 3 acts | Lemonnier [7] | 5 January 1779 | Paris Opéra | Pitou, p. 269 |
| Le seigneur bienfaisant | opéra | 3 acts | Marc-Antoine-Jacques Rochon de Chabannes | 14 December 1780 | Paris Opéra | Clément and Larousse Dictionnaire des opéras, p. 614; Pitou, pp. 493–494 |
| La nouvelle Omphale | comédie mêlée d'ariettes in prose | 3 acts | "Madame de Beaunoir" (pseudonym of Alexandre L. B. Robineau) [8][9] | 22 November 1782 | Premiered at Versailles, transferred to the Théâtre des Italiens, Paris on 28 December 1782 | Title page of original edition |
| Grisélidis | opéra comique | 3 acts | unperformed | Rushton in Grove (date of composition: 1783) | ||
| Le triomphe d'Alcide (Alceste) | tragédie lyrique | 5 acts | Jean-Paul-André Razins de Saint-Marc after Philippe Quinault (originally set by Lully, 1674) | music written 1783—84; rehearsed 1785 but never performed | intended for the Paris Opéra | Rushton in Grove; Buford Norman, p. 341 |
| Les françaises | opéra comique | 1 act | Rochon de Chabannes | unperformed | Rushton in Grove (date of composition uncertain; perhaps 1784) | |
| Alcindor (music finished by Nicolas Dezède) | opéra féerie | 3 acts | Rochon de Chabannes | 17 April 1788 | Paris Opéra | Rushton in Grove; David J. Buch, Magic Flutes, p. 99; Pitou, pp. 21–22[10] |
| La chasse (incomplete) | Jean-Paul-André Razins de Saint-Marc | unperformed | Rushton in Grove (date of composition: 1785) |
Notes and references
edit- ^ a b c d Rushton
- ^ a b Dratwicki, Antoine Dauvergne, p. 297
- ^ Pitou, p. 226
- ^ Dratwicki "Foreigners", p. 61
- ^ Entry for Lully's Alceste in the Viking Opera Guide (Viking, 1993), p. 589
- ^ Rushton. For information about the premiere of Alcindor (attributed only to Dezède), cf. Pitou, p. 21.
- ^ According to Rushton, the libretto had earlier been rejected by Jean-Joseph de Mondonville
- ^ According to Clément and Larousse Dictionnaire des opéras, p. 484
- ^ For the true identity of "Madame de Beaunoir", see David Charlton Grétry and the Growth of Opéra-Comique, Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 336
- ^ Pitou and Buch attribute the opera to Dezède; Buch has a footnote questioning how much of the music was by Floquet.
Sources
edit- David J. Buch, Magic Flutes and Enchanted Forests: The Supernatural in Eighteenth-Century Musical Theater (University of Chicago Press, 2009)
- (in French) Félix Clément and Pierre Larousse Dictionnaire des opéras (Paris, 1881) Available online at Open Library
- (in French) Benoît Dratwicki, Antoine Dauvergne (1713—1797): une carrière tourmentée dans la France musicale des Lumières, Editions Mardaga, 2011.
- Benoît Dratwicki, "Foreigners at the Académie Royale de Musique" in Antonio Sacchini, Renaud, Madrid, Ediciones Singulares, 2013 (book accompanying the complete recording conducted by Christophe Rousset). ISBN 978-84-939-6865-6
- (in French) Buford Norman Quinault, librettiste de Lully: le poète des grâces, Editions Madraga, 2009.
- Spire Pitou, The Paris Opéra. An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers – Rococo and Romantic, 1715–1815, Westport/London, Greenwood Press, 1985. ISBN 0-313-24394-8
- Julian Rushton, article "Floquet, Étienne-Joseph" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians