Çiçek Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: چیچک خاتون; "flower" or "blossom"; died 3 May 1498) was a concubine of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror of the Ottoman Empire. She was the mother of Şehzade Cem, a pretender to the Ottoman throne.
| Çiçek Hatun | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1442 |
| Died | 3 May 1498 (aged 55–56) Cairo, Mamluk Sultanate (present day Egypt) |
| Burial | |
| Consort of | Mehmed II |
| Issue | Şehzade Cem |
| Religion | Sunni Islam (converted) |
Early years
editThe origins of Çiçek are controversial. Serbian, Greek, Venetian or French origins are attributed to her.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] She was captured in Constantinople in 1453, during the Ottoman capture of the city and was given as concubine to Sultan Mehmed II. She gave birth to her only son Cem on 22 December 1459.[1] According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. After the death of Cem's older brother in 1474, Şehzade Mustafa, he was assigned as the governor of Konya and Çiçek accompanied him.[9]
Exile
editAt Egypt
editAfter Cem's first defeat in the succession war following his father's death in 1481, the prince, Çiçek Hatun, and the rest of his household took refuge with the Mamluk Sultan in Cairo.[2][10] Of all the members of Cem's household, Çiçek Hatun was his most devoted ally. Gedik Ahmed Pasha, who had been a tutor to Cem, failed to supply the prince with the support he confidently accepted his challenge to the enthronement of his older brother Bayezid.[11] Although Cem was deserted by his tutor, he was well served by his mother Çiçek Hatun.[12]
Cem's imprisonment
editAfter a second defeat of Cem by Bayezid in 1482, Cem fled to Rhodes, where he was received by, Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem and a zealous opponent of the Ottoman Empire.[13] Later on, D'Aubusson concluded a peace treaty with Bayezid, and then reached a separate agreement on Cem's captivity. He promised Bayezid to detain Cem in return for an annual payment of 35,000 ducats for his maintenance. Therefore, the Knights took the money and betrayed Cem, who thereafter became a well-treated prisoner at Rhodes.[14]
In Egypt, Çiçek Hatun, was urging the Sultan through his wife to free and bring her son to Egypt.[15][16] The letters carried by a certain Nicolas de Nicosie revealed that Cem had been communicating with his mother.[17] Çiçek Hatun's efforts to bring her son to Egypt and use her influence in the Mamluk court by urging Qaitbay to help her in this attempt were brought to Bayezid's attention through intelligence reports from Cairo.[18] D'Aubusson used Cem to control Çiçek Hatun and Qaitbay and to wield from them twenty thousand gold pieces by pretending to bring Cem to Egypt.[19]
Çiçek struggled on Cem's behalf for years and served as his principal ally in his efforts to free himself from the European captivity he encountered after his defeat by his brother.[12]
Death
editShe died on 3 May 1498[20] of Plague and was buried in Cairo.[2] Cem's corpse, however, was returned from Naples, where he died, and was buried in the tomb of his elder brother, Mustafa.[21]
Issue
editBy Mehmed II, she had a son:
- Şehzade Cem (22 December 1459 - 25 February 1495). He proclaimed himself Sultan and fought for the throne against his half-brother, Bayezid II. Defeated, he fled to Italy, where he died as a hostage in Capua, in the Kingdom of Naples. He had at least three sons and two daughters. His son Murad converted to Christianity and became Prince of Sayd.
In popular culture
editÇiçek Hatun is played by Gamze Özçelik in the 2013 Turkish series Fatih.[22]
References
edit- ^ a b Babinger 1992, p. 173.
- ^ a b c Uluçay 1985, p. 41.
- ^ Süreyya Bey 1969, p. 140.
- ^ Cem 2004, p. 88.
- ^ Tektaş 2004, p. 63.
- ^ Yılmaz 1996, p. 14.
- ^ Baysun 1946, p. 11.
- ^ Sakaoğlu 2007, p. 57.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 47.
- ^ Har-El 1995, p. 105.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 47-8.
- ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 48.
- ^ Har-El 1995, p. 112.
- ^ Har-El 1995, p. 117.
- ^ Yurdusev 2016, p. 83.
- ^ Journal of Turkish Studies 1979, p. 219.
- ^ Har-El 1995, p. 120.
- ^ Har-El 1995, p. 121.
- ^ Har-El 1995, p. 129.
- ^ Sakaoğlu 2007, p. 157.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 50.
- ^ Fatih (TV Mini-Series 2013), retrieved 2019-04-17
Bibliography
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