"Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) is the title of two different artworks created by Félix González-Torres (or Felix Gonzalez-Torres). Each of the artworks consists of two identical wall clocks hung side-by-side so that they are touching. When installed the clocks are initially set to the same time but may fall out of sync over the course of an exhibition. “Untitled” (Perfect Lovers) (1987-1990) consists of two wall clocks with black rims; this work is an edition of three, plus one artist's proof. A separate, unique work, “Untitled” (Perfect Lovers) (1991), similarly consists of two identical wall clocks but with white rims instead of black, and includes the option of painting the wall on which the clocks are hung light blue.[1][2][3]
| "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Artist | Félix González-Torres |
| Year | 1987-1990 |
| Medium | Wall clocks |
| Dimensions | Original clocks: 13 1/2 in. diameter each (34.29 cm) |
| Location | Dallas Museum of Art; Glenstone; Wadsworth Atheneum |
| "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) | |
|---|---|
.png) "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) (1991) at the Museum of Modern Art in 2022 | |
| Artist | Félix González-Torres |
| Year | 1991 |
| Medium | Wall clocks and paint on wall |
| Dimensions | Original clocks: 14 in. diameter each (35.56 cm) |
| Location | Museum of Modern Art, New York |
One of González-Torres' most famous works, it has appeared in over 75 exhibitions and has inspired multiple homages. When included in exhibitions and similar establishments it must adhere to specific parameters specified by González-Torres such as the clocks having to be the same type/dimensions.
Description and Installation Parameters
editGonzález-Torres specified installations parameters for "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers). The work consists of two identical commercial wall clocks displayed side-by-side so that they are touching, ideally installed above head height where a wall clock would typically hang on the wall.[4][5] The original clocks measure 13 1/2 in. each in diameter. The clocks must be of exactly the same dimensions and design/type.
The clocks must be set to the same time initially though they may fall out of sync over the course of an exhibition. If one or both of the clocks stops functioning, the clocks are deinstalled and repaired, then reinstalled and reset to the same time, allowing the piece to theoretically last forever.[6][3]
Matthew Isherwood said that "like all of Torres’s work, “Untitled” (Perfect Lovers) uses materials that could be considered everyday or mundane to extend and explore queer personal desire".[7] Several of González-Torres' artworks including "Untitled" (Double Portrait), a paper stack work printed with two side-by-side gold rings, "Untitled" (March 5) #1 (1991), a work consisting of two round mirrors installed side-by-side, and "Untitled" (Sagitario), 1994-1995, two side-by-side circular pools of water, incorporate a visual motif of paired circles similar to "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers).[8]
Three of the four editions of "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) (1987-1990) are owned by public collections: the Dallas Museum of Art;[2] Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland;[9] and the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut.[10] The fourth is in a private collection.
Following Laycock's death in 1991, the artist created a nearly identical work by the same name.[11] "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) (1991) similarly consists of two identical wall clocks but also includes light blue paint, which the exhibitor can choose to use to paint the wall of the installation location. The later work is owned by the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and was formally considered by the artist to be a separate work of art from "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) (1987-1990).[12]
Various Interpretations
editWith "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) González-Torres wanted the audience to infer their own meaning.[3] Margarita Vega, noted that "What differentiates "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) from regular clocks is nothing physical, but rather the assignment of function that will be reflected on some kind of status indicators".[13] Art critic Robert Storr expanded on this, writing:
The meaning of the image hinges on the projected fantasy of the person who stands below and looks up at an enlargement of the most eroticized zone of their everyday lives, the psychological site of their greatest longing, insecurity and discomfort, the nearly neutral screen on which memories or expectations of happiness, frustration, or deprivation can be played in the mind's eye.[14]
An ambiguous work of art, many have interpreted the works to be a commentary on González-Torres' partner's struggle with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and death at large.[3][6][15][16] In 1987, González-Torres' partner Ross Laycock was diagnosed with AIDS.[17][a] In a letter sent to Laycock in 1988, he showed a rough sketch of the piece, entitled merely Lovers.[19] In the letter, González-Torres ruminates about time, writing:
Don't be afraid of the clocks, they are our time, the time has been so generous to us. We imprinted time with the sweet taste of victory. We conquered fate by meeting at a certain time in a certain space. We are a product of the time, therefore we give back credit were it is due: time. We are synchronized, now forever. I love you.[19]
The piece can be interpreted as a protest against the censorship of "gay art," knowing that it would be difficult for critics to show that "money is being expended for the promotion of homosexual art," with a work of art so simplistic and abstract in nature.[19] According to Shawn Diamond, the piece was created to "memorialize the love he shared," with Laycock.[18] González-Torres described creating the piece as "the scariest thing I have ever done".[19]
Public Delivery stated that the two clocks represent "two mechanical heartbeats," commenting on "personal loss as well as the temporal nature of life."[3] Museum curator Jasper Sharp believed the piece to be a memento mori which represents the short-lived nature of life.[20] Catherine Ruello shared similar sentiments, saying that it "involves the themes of 'vanitas'."[21] Director of the Art Institute of Chicago James E. Rondeau noted that it was start of González-Torres' "examination of coupling and mortality".[22]
Adair Rounthwaite noted that González-Torres' use of a clock, an item which only matters to the living, is a "visual metaphor for the crossover between that time and the nontime of the dead."[23] Rounthwaite also stated that the time measured represents life itself and that the piece was a response to the trauma of AIDS.[23] Margaret Anne Wojton, said that "The two clicking clocks represented Gonzalez-Torres's vantage point of his anguish as caregiver and survivor."[24] She also viewed the piece as an "existential metaphor," for González-Torres' death anxiety.[14]
Rondeau felt that the stipulation that they're identical was a reference to same-sex couples.[22] Suzanne Perling Hudson said that although "the piece is clearly “about” González-Torres and his partner, it is also about any lovers, be they homosexual or heterosexual, and the reality of impermanence and the threat and fear of imminent loss.[25]
Shawn Diamond believed that the piece "depicted two figures always in proximity but unable to unite and become a single body."[18] Kevin Busit echoed similar sentiments, "They'll never be one... The fabric of their being ensures that eventually they’ll end up in conflict."[26] Isherwood felt that because the clocks could be reset, there was a sense of hope and optimism in the work. He also noted that "by connoting his queer identity, rather than “evoking it”, González-Torres allows “Untitled” (Perfect Lovers) to become both intimately personal and widely social".[7] Helen Molesworth, chief curator at the Institute of Contemporary Art, viewed it as a metaphor for the relationship between art historian and art itself.[27]
Exhibitions
edit
"Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) first exhibition was at Jay Gorney Modern Art, New York, from October 20 to November 20, 1990.[28] It was later included in González-Torres’ 1994 exhibition, “Traveling,” at The Renaissance Society in Chicago. This version was made specifically for the exhibition and was neither dated or signed.[4] As of November 30, 2019 the piece has appeared in 75 exhibitions.[28]
Legacy
editAccording to Public Delivery, "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) is one of González-Torres' most famous works.[3] In 2002, Tobias Wong produced Perfect Lovers (Forever). Identical in all but one aspect, that being Wong's clocks are synchronized with the U.S. Atomic Clock, ensuring they both stay accurate to within one second over a period of a million years.[26]
In 2008, Welsh artist Cerith Wyn Evans created a remake entitled "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers + 1). The only difference between +1 and the original is the addition of one clock.[15] In 2016, Frieze chose the piece as a "key artwork" from 1991 to 2016.[16]
In 2024, a group of museum workers at Glenstone - which owns an edition of "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers), on display at the time - created and wore buttons featuring clocks inspired by the artwork in support of a staff unionization campaign that was eventually successful.[29][30]
References
edit- ^ ""Untitled" (Perfect Lovers)". Wadsworth. Wadsworth Atheneum. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Untitled (Perfect Lovers)". Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f "The meaning of Felix Gonzalez-Torres' Clocks / Perfect Lovers". Public Delivery. 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ a b "Guide to Re-Creating "Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) by Felix Gonzalez-Torres" (PDF). Temporary Services. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Martinez, Jamie (2017-06-20). "Art Exhibits, Art Magazine, Contemporary Art, Art Blogs, Art Artists". Arte Fuse. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ a b "Gonzalez-Torres Artworks & Famous Paintings". The Art Story. Archived from the original on 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
- ^ a b Isherwood, Matthew (2020-07-02). "Toward a Queer Aesthetic Sensibility: Orientation, Disposition, and Desire". Studies in Art Education. 61 (3): 230–239. doi:10.1080/00393541.2020.1778437. ISSN 0039-3541. S2CID 221790098.
- ^ Ho, Christopher (2001). "Within and beyond: Felix Gonzalez-Torres's "Crowd"". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art. 23 (1): 1–17. doi:10.2307/3246486. ISSN 1520-281X. JSTOR 3246486. S2CID 192115358.
- ^ "Felix Gonzalez-Torres". Glenstone. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ "Wadsworth Atheneum Collection". Wadsworth. Wadsworth Atheneum. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Edwards 2020, p. 167.
- ^ ""Untitled" (Perfect Lovers)". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Vega, Margarita (2016-06-01). "Once Again, What Counts as Art?". Philosophia. 44 (2): 633–644. doi:10.1007/s11406-016-9696-9. ISSN 1574-9274. S2CID 170327161.
- ^ a b Wojton 2010, p. 39.
- ^ a b "Untitled (Perfect Lovers + 1) – Kadist". Kadist. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ a b "25 Artworks: 1991–95". Frieze. No. 181. August 16, 2016. ISSN 0962-0672. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ Edwards 2020, p. 166.
- ^ a b c Diamond, Shawn (2016). "Requiem for the shadows: Poetry, spirituality, and future memory in the light strings of Felix Gonzalez-Torres". Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "The meaning of Felix Gonzalez-Torres' Clocks / Perfect Lovers". Public Delivery. 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ Museum Wien, Kunsthistorisches (March 6, 2018). "Jasper Sharp on Felix Gonzalez-Torres and Lombardo". YouTube. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ "The Presence of Absence". Visual AIDS. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ a b Rondeau, James E. (1999). "Untitled (Last Light), 1993 by Felix Gonzalez-Torres". Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies. 25 (1): 84–100. doi:10.2307/4113009. ISSN 0069-3235. JSTOR 4113009.
- ^ a b Rounthwaite, Adair (2010). "Split Witness: Metaphorical Extensions of Life in the Art of Felix Gonzalez-Torres". Representations. 109 (1): 35–56. doi:10.1525/rep.2010.109.1.35. ISSN 0734-6018. JSTOR 10.1525/rep.2010.109.1.35.
- ^ Wojton 2010, p. 40.
- ^ Hudson, Suzanne Perling (2003-04-01). "Beauty and the Status of Contemporary Criticism". October. 104: 115–130. doi:10.1162/016228703322031730. ISSN 0162-2870. S2CID 57567634.
- ^ a b Buist, Kevin (February 1, 2011). "Art, Design, and Clocks". Art21 Magazine. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
- ^ Pollack, Barbara (February 13, 2013). "Love Potions: Art and the Heart" (PDF). ARTnews.
- ^ a b ""Untitled" (Perfect Lovers) - Works - Felix Gonzalez-Torres Foundation". The Felix Gonzalez-Torres Foundation. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ Capps, Kriston (6 June 2024). "Glenstone museum workers vote on unionizing as founders push back". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Capps, Kriston (7 June 2024). "Glenstone museum workers form union after contentious campaign". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- Wojton, Margaret Anne (2010), Love and Loss: The Works of Felix Gonzalez-Torres, The Aids Epidemic and Postmodern Art, Kent
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Edwards, Mary D. (2020-06-01). Doppelgangers, Alter Egos and Mirror Images in Western Art, 1840-2010: Critical Essays. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-6929-8.