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Yūgumo-class destroyer

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The Yūgumo-class destroyers (夕雲型駆逐艦, Yūgumo-gata kuchikukan) were a group of 19 destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The IJN called them Destroyer Type-A (甲型駆逐艦,, Kō-gata Kuchikukan) from their plan name. No ships of the class survived the war.

Kiyoshimo off Uraga on 15 May 1944
Class overview
NameYūgumo-class destroyer
Builders
Operators Imperial Japanese Navy
Preceded byKagerō class
Succeeded by
Built1940–1944
In commission1941–1945
Planned14 (1939) + 16 (1941) + 8 (1942)
Completed19
Cancelled19
Lost19
General characteristics
Displacement
  • 2,077 tons standard,
  • 2,520 tons battle condition
Length
  • 119.03 m (390 ft 6 in) overall,
  • 117.00 m (383 ft 10 in) waterline
Beam10.80 m (35 ft 5 in)
Draft3.76 m (12 ft 4 in)
Propulsion
  • 3 × Kampon water tube boilers,
  • 2 × Kanpon impulse geared turbines,
  • 52,000 shp (39 MW), 2 shafts
Speed35.5 knots (40.9 mph; 65.7 km/h)
Range5,000 nmi (9,300 km) at 18 kn (21 mph; 33 km/h)
Complement225 (Yūgumo, 1941)
Armament

Background

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The Yūgumo class was a repeat of the preceding Kagerō class with minor improvements that increased their anti-aircraft capabilities. The first 11 ships of the class were ordered as part of the 1939 4th Naval Armaments Supplement Programme. Another 16 ships (the Hayanami sub-class) were ordered as ships #340 to #355 as part of the 1941 Rapid Naval Armaments Supplement Programme, but of these eight were canceled before being laid down. Another eight ships (the Kai-Yūgumo sub-class) were planned as ships #5041 to #5048 under the 1942 Modified 5th Naval Armaments Supplement Programme, but these were also canceled.[1]

Design and description

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The Yūgumo class was 45 tons heavier and a few feet longer than the Kagerō class, distinguishable in silhouette primarily by the shape of the bridge. The Yūgumo class had a forward slope on the bridge, which was intended to reduce wind resistance and improve stability. Another difference was that the Yūgumo-class vessels were built by three different shipyards, and there were minor differences between individual ships, depending on the builder and when the ship was built.[1]

The general specifications for the Yūgumo class was a 119.17-meter (391 ft 0 in) overall length, with a beam of 10.8 meters (35 ft 5 in) and a draft of 3.76 meters (12 ft 4 in).[2] They displaced 2,110 metric tons (2,080 long tons) at standard load and 2,560 metric tons (2,520 long tons) at deep load.[3] Their crew numbered 228 officers and enlisted men.

The ships had two Kampon geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at a total of 52,000 shaft horsepower (39,000 kW) for a designed speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph).[4]

The main battery of the Yūgumo class consisted of six Type 3 127-millimeter (5.0 in) guns in three twin-gun turrets, one superfiring pair aft and one turret forward of the superstructure.[3] The guns were in a new type of mount (known as the "D" mount) which was able to elevate up to 75° to increase their performance against aircraft; however, their slow rate of fire, slow traversing speed, and the lack of any sort of high-angle fire-control system meant that they were virtually useless as anti-aircraft guns.[5] Despite this, the process of replacing the No. 2 gun turret with anti-aircraft guns was never carried out on any ship of this class. The ships were also armed with eight 610-millimeter (24.0 in) torpedo tubes in two quadruple traversing mounts; one reload was carried for each tube. Their anti-submarine weapons comprised two depth charge throwers for which 36 depth charges were carried.[3]

As built, the Yūgumo class had four Type 96 25-millimeter (1.0 in) anti-aircraft guns in two twin-mounts forward of the aft smokestack. as with other destroyer classes, as the Pacific War progressed, anti-aircraft armaments were increased, averaging over 20 by the battle of Leyte Gulf. From 1943, two triple-mounts replaced the dual mounts aft and one twin-mount Type 96 was added forward of the bridge and a Type 22 radar. Units surviving into 1944 had a second pair of 25mm triple-mounts added on a platform behind the forward smokestack since they retained their No. 2 gun turrets. Uniquely, the Naganami carried a M2 Browning 50 caliber machine gun captured from the wrecked American submarine USS Darter on 25 October 1944 as some sort of war prize. The six units surviving into late 1944 received up to twelve additional single-mount Type 96s and a Type 13 radar. Kiyoshimo also received a number of Type 93 13mm machine guns.[1]

Ships in class

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Construction data
Ship Kanji Ship # Shipyard Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Akigumo 秋雲 115 Built as part of the Kagerō class
Yūgumo 夕雲 116 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 12 June 1940 16 March 1941 5 December 1941 Sunk, Battle of Vella Lavella, 6 October 1943
Makigumo 巻雲 117 Fujinagata Shipyards 13 December 1940 5 November 1941 14 March 1942 Sunk after surface action, 1 February 1943
Kazagumo 風雲 118 Uraga Dock Company 23 December 1940 26 September 1941 28 March 1942 Torpedoed at Davao Gulf, 8 June 1944
Naganami 長波 119 Fujinagata Shipyards 5 April 1941 5 March 1942 30 June 1942 Air attack, Ormoc Bay, 11 November 1944
Makinami 巻波 120 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 11 April 1941 27 December 1941 8 August 1942 Sunk, Battle of Cape St. George, 25 November 1943
Takanami 高波 121 Uraga Dock Company 29 May 1941 16 March 1942 31 August 1942 Sunk, Battle of Tassafaronga, 30 November 1942
Ōnami 大波 122 Fujinagata Shipyards 15 November 1941 13 August 1942 29 December 1942 Sunk, Battle of Cape St. George, 25 November 1943
Kiyonami 清波 123 Uraga Dock Company 15 October 1941 17 August 1942 25 January 1943 Air attack, NNW of Kolombangara 20 July 1943
Tamanami 玉波 124 Fujinagata Shipyards 16 March 1942 26 December 1942 30 April 1943 Torpedoed, WSW of Manila, 7 July 1944
Suzunami 涼波 126 Uraga Dock Company 27 March 1942 26 December 1942 27 July 1943 Air attack, Rabaul, 11 November 1943
Fujinami 藤波 127 Fujinagata Shipyards 25 August 1942 20 April 1943 31 July 1943 Air attack N of Iloilo, 27 October 1944
— — 128–129 — — — — Dummy budget covering Yamato-class battleships
Hayanami 早波 340 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 15 January 1942 19 December 1942 31 July 1943 Torpedoed near Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, 7 June 1944
Hamanami 濱波 341 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 28 April 1942 18 April 1943 15 October 1943 Air attack, Ormoc Bay, 11 November 1944
Okinami 沖波 342 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 5 August 1942 18 July 1943 10 December 1943 Air attack W of Manila, 13 November 1944
Kishinami 岸波 343 Uraga Dock Company 29 August 1942 19 August 1943 3 December 1943 Torpedoed W of Palawan Island, 4 December 1944
Asashimo 朝霜 344 Fujinagata Shipyards 21 January 1943 18 July 1943 27 November 1943 Air attack during Operation Ten-Go, 7 April 1945
Hayashimo 早霜 345 Maizuru Naval Arsenal 20 January 1943 20 October 1943 20 February 1944 Air attack off Semirara Island, 26 October 1944
Akishimo 秋霜 346 Fujinagata Shipyards 3 May 1943 5 December 1943 11 March 1944 Air attack, Manila, 13 November 1944
Kiyoshimo 清霜 347 Uraga Dock Company 16 March 1943 29 February 1944 15 May 1944 Torpedoed after air attack, 26 December 1944
Umigiri 海霧 348 — — — — Cancelled on 11 August 1943
Yamagiri 山霧 349
Tanigiri 谷霧 350
Kawagiri 川霧 351
Taekaze 妙風 352
Kiyokaze 清風 353
Satokaze 里風 354
Murakaze 村風 355
Yamasame 山雨 5041 — — — — Kai-Yūgumo class cancelled on 11 August 1943
Akisame 秋雨 5042
Natsusame 夏雨 5043
Hayasame 早雨 5044
Takashio 高潮 5045
Akishio 秋潮 5046
Harushio 春潮 5047
Wakashio 若潮 5048

Service

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Yūgumo was the only ship of her class completed before Japan's entry into WW2 on 5 December 1941, just two days before the attack on Pearl Harbor. She and the following ships of her class saw a variety of escorting duties before Yūgumo, Makigumo, and Kazagumo escorting carriers during the battle of Midway, where they assisted the sinking aircraft carrier Hiryū.[6] In turn, Makigumo's crew committed a war crime when they, albeit very reluctantly, murdered the downed USS Yorktown pilots Frank W. O'Flaherty and Bruno Gaido.[7] Off to the Guadalcanal campaign, more escorting missions ensued, but mixed with troop and supply transport missions, plus escorting carriers at the battles of the Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz. In the latter battle, the class earned its first notable surface action when Makigumo assisted in finishing off the crippled aircraft carrier USS Hornet.[7] After escorting transports during the naval battle of Guadalcanal, Naganami, Takanmai, and Makinami all saw notable action at the battle of Tassafarona, Naganami serving as Admiral Tanaka's flagship.[8] Takanami was sunk by American cruiser gunfire, accounting for the class's first loss, but not before unleashing a torpedo spread that crippled the heavy cruisers USS Minneapolis and USS New Orleans, blowing their bows clean off, while Japanese sources often credit Makinami with helping to sink the heavy cruiser USS Northampton.[9][10][11]

With the start of 1943, several ships of the class took part in the evacuation of Guadalcanal. Makinami was crippled by air attacks and forced into several months of repair, while Makigumo was more fatally lured into a minefield by American PT Boats where she blew up and sank.[7][11] The class saw more escorting and transport missions throughout the following months, until Kiyonami took part in the battle of Kolombangara, where she combined torpedoes with other destroyers to sink the destroyer USS Gwin and cripple the light cruisers USS Honolulu and USS Saint Louis. However, just a week later she was sunk by land based aircraft with just one survivor.[12] On 7 October, Yūgumo herself was sunk at the battle of Vella Lavella by gunfire and torpedoes from the destroyers USS Chevalier, O'Bannon, and Selfridge, but not before firing a torpedo spread that hit and sank Chevalier (and indirectly damaged O'Bannon)[6][13]. In November, Suzunami was sunk by land-based aircraft in Rabaul, while Ōnami and Makinami were sunk by gunfire and torpedoes from the destroyers USS Charles Ausburne, Claxton, and Dyson at the battle of Cape Saint George.[11][14]

1944 saw the completion of the last ship of the Yūgumo class, the Kiyoshimo, on 15 May 1944. In February, Asashimo depth charged and sank the submarine USS Trout, their last victory over an enemy warship. To return the favor, later that June Kazagumo was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Hake, while Hayanami was sunk by the submarine USS Harder.[15] Shortly afterwards, several Yūgumo class destroyers escorted aircraft carriers at the battle of the Philippine Sea, but in July Tamanami was sunk by the submarine USS Mingo.[16] The remaining ships of the Yūgumo class took part in Admiral Kurita's center force at the battle of Leyte Gulf, where Naganami and Asashimo left the battle early to escort the crippled heavy cruiser Takao, while Kiyoshimo was forced to retire after being damaged by air attacks.[15] Several ships were involved in the battle off Samar, but did little of note. In the final stages of the battle, Hayashimo and Fujinami were sunk by carrier aircraft, while Naganami inspected the wrecked submarine USS Darter, which had run aground, failing to scuttle the wreck while stealing a M2 Browning 50 caliber machine gun from the wreck as a war prize.[8] In November, Okinami and Akishimo were sunk in harbor by land based aircraft, while Hamanami and Naganami were sunk by carrier aircraft at the battle of Ormoc Bay. Rounding out 1944 in December, Kishinami was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Flasher, while Kiyoshimo was crippled by land based aircraft, then finished off by the torpedo boat PT-223.[8][15]

Asashimo was the only Yūgumo class destroyer to survive into 1945. However, she met her end escorting the battleship Yamato during that ship's doomed final mission, departing Japan on the 6th of April. However, the next day Asashimo developed engine trouble and began to fall out of formation. When early 400 carrier aircraft attacked, a division of torpedo bombers from the light carrier USS San Jacinto pounced on the vulnerable Asashimo and sank the destroyer with all hands, bringing an end to the Yūgumo class destroyers. [15]

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Stille, Mark (2013). Imperial Japanese Navy Destroyers 1919–45 (2). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–28. ISBN 978-1-84908-987-6.
  2. ^ Sturton, p. 195
  3. ^ a b c Whitley, p. 203
  4. ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 150
  5. ^ Campbell, p. 192
  6. ^ a b "IJN Yugumo: Tabular Record of Movement".
  7. ^ a b c 主要兵器, 大日本帝国軍 (4 February 2018). "巻雲【夕雲型駆逐艦 二番艦】Makigumo【Yugumo-class destroyer】". 大日本帝国軍 主要兵器 (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  8. ^ a b c 主要兵器, 大日本帝国軍 (17 March 2024). "長波【夕雲型駆逐艦 四番艦】その2Naganami【Yugumo-class destroyer】". 大日本帝国軍 主要兵器 (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  9. ^ "Battle of Tassafaronga — The Japanese Destroyers". destroyerhistory.org. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  10. ^ "IJN Takanami: Tabular Record of Movement".
  11. ^ a b c 主要兵器, 大日本帝国軍 (4 February 2018). "巻波【夕雲型駆逐艦 五番艦】Makinami【Yugumo-class destroyer】". 大日本帝国軍 主要兵器 (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  12. ^ "IJN Kiyonami: Tabular Record of Movement".
  13. ^ "Destroyerhistory.com\actions\vellalavella".
  14. ^ "IJN Suzunami: Tabular Record of Movement".
  15. ^ a b c d "IJN Asashimo: Tabular Record of Movement".
  16. ^ a b 主要兵器, 大日本帝国軍 (4 February 2018). "玉波【夕雲型駆逐艦 九番艦】Tamanami【Yugumo-class destroyer】". 大日本帝国軍 主要兵器 (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 December 2024.

References

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  • Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
  • Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
  • Sturton, Ian (1980). "Japan". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 167–217. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
  • Whitley, M. J. (2000). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.

Further reading

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  • "Rekishi Gunzō"., History of Pacific War Vol.51 The truth of Imperial Japanese Vessels Histories 2, Gakken (Japan), August 2005, ISBN 4-05-604083-4
  • Collection of writings by Sizuo Fukui Vol.5, Stories of Japanese Destroyers, Kōjinsha (Japan) 1993, ISBN 4-7698-0611-6
  • Model Art Extra No.340, Drawings of Imperial Japanese Naval Vessels Part-1, Model Art Co. Ltd. (Japan), October 1989, Book code 08734-10
  • The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.41 Japanese Destroyers I, Ushio Shobō (Japan), July 1980, Book code 68343-42
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