Wikipedia

Westland Lysander

The Westland Lysander is a British army co-operation and liaison aircraft produced by Westland Aircraft that was used immediately before and during the Second World War.

Lysander
Preserved Lysander in all-black special duties scheme
General information
TypeArmy co-operation and liaison aircraft
National originUnited Kingdom
ManufacturerWestland Aircraft
Primary usersRoyal Air Force
Number built1,786
History
Introduction dateJune 1938
First flight15 June 1936
Retired1946 (UK)

After becoming obsolete in the army co-operation role, the aircraft's short-field performance enabled clandestine missions using small, improvised airstrips behind enemy lines to place or recover agents, particularly in occupied France with the help of the French Resistance. Royal Air Force army co-operation aircraft were named after mythical or historical military leaders; in this case the Spartan admiral Lysander was chosen.

Design and development

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In 1934 the Air Ministry issued Specification A.39/34 for an army co-operation aircraft to replace the Hawker Hector. Initially Hawker Aircraft, Avro and Bristol were invited to submit designs, but after some debate within the ministry, a submission from Westland was invited as well. The Westland design, internally designated P. 8, was the work of Arthur Davenport under the direction of "Teddy" Petter. It was Petter's second aircraft design and he spent considerable time interviewing Royal Air Force pilots to find out what they wanted from such an aircraft. The army wanted a tactical and artillery reconnaissance aircraft to provide photographic reconnaissance and observation of artillery fire in daylight – up to about 15,000 yards (14 km) behind the enemy front. The result of Petter's pilot enquiries suggested that field of view, low-speed handling characteristics and STOL performance were the important requirements.

 
Westland Lysander Mk.III (SD) in overall black camouflage as used for special night missions into occupied France during World War II.

Davenport and Petter designed an aircraft to incorporate these features. The Lysander was to be powered by a Bristol Mercury air-cooled radial engine and had high wings and a fixed conventional landing gear mounted on an innovative inverted U square-section tube that supported wing struts at the apex, and contained internal springs for the faired wheels. The large streamlined spats also contained a mounting for a Browning machine gun and fittings for removable stub wings that could carry light bombs or supply canisters.[1] The wings had a reverse taper towards the root, which gave the impression of a bent gull wing from some angles, although the spars were straight. It had a girder type construction faired with a light wood stringers to give the aerodynamic shape. The forward fuselage was duralumin tube joined with brackets and plates, and the after part was welded stainless steel tubes. Plates and brackets were cut from channel extrusions rather than being formed from sheet steel. The front spar and lift struts were extrusions. The wing itself was fabric covered and its thickness was greatest at the strut anchorage, similar to that of later marks of the Stinson Reliant high-winged transport monoplane.

Despite its appearance, the Lysander was aerodynamically advanced; being equipped with fully automatic wing slats and slotted flaps and a variable incidence tailplane.[2] These refinements gave the Lysander a stalling speed of only 65 mph (56 kn; 105 km/h).[3] The tube that supported the wings and wheels was the largest Elektron alloy extrusion made at the time. Due to the difficulties involved in manufacturing such a large extrusion Canadian-built machines had a conventionally fabricated assembly. The Air Ministry requested two prototypes of the P.8 and the competing Bristol Type 148, quickly selecting the Westland aircraft for production and issuing a contract in September 1936.

The high-lift devices gave the Lysander a short take off and landing (STOL) performance much appreciated by the Special Duties pilots such as Squadron Leader Hugh Verity. The wings were equipped with automatic slats which lifted away from the leading edge as the airspeed decreased towards stalling speed. These slats controlled automatic flaps. Slow speed flight was therefore greatly simplified, "and it was possible to bring a Lysander down to land, if not like a lift, at least like an escalator".[4] The inboard slats were connected to the flaps and to an air damper in the port wing which governed the speed at which the slats operated. The outboard slats operated independently and were not connected and each was fitted with an air damper. On a normal approach, the inboard slats and the flaps would begin to open when the airspeed has dropped to about 85 mph (74 kn; 137 km/h) and be approximately half down at 80 mph (70 kn; 130 km/h). The only control that the pilot has is a locking lever which he can set to lock the flaps down once they have been lowered automatically.[5]

Operational history

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United Kingdom

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Lysander Mk.IIIAs of No. 1433 Flight RAF, over Madagascar in December 1942.

The first Lysanders entered service in June 1938, equipping squadrons for army co-operation and were initially used for message-dropping and artillery spotting. When war broke out in Europe, the earlier Mk.Is had been largely replaced by Mk.IIs, the older machines heading for the Middle East. Some of these aircraft, now designated type L.1, operated with the Chindits of the British Indian Army in the Burma Campaign of the Second World War.[6]

Four regular squadrons equipped with Lysanders accompanied the British Expeditionary Force to France in October 1939, and were joined by a further squadron early in 1940. Following the German invasion of France and the low countries on 10 May 1940, Lysanders were put into action as spotters and light bombers. In spite of occasional victories against German aircraft, they made very easy targets for the Luftwaffe even when escorted by Hurricanes.[7][8] Withdrawn from France during the Dunkirk evacuation, they continued to fly supply-dropping missions to Allied forces from bases in England; on one mission to drop supplies to troops trapped at Calais, 14 of 16 Lysanders and Hectors that set out were lost. 118 Lysanders were lost in or over France and Belgium in May and June 1940, of a total of 175 deployed.[8][9]

With the fall of France, it was clear that the type was unsuitable for the coastal patrol and army co-operation role, being described by Air Marshal Arthur Barratt, commander-in-chief of the British Air Forces in France as "quite unsuited to the task; a faster, less vulnerable aircraft was required."[10] The view of army AOP pilots was that the Lysander was too fast for artillery spotting purposes, too slow and un-manoeuvrable to avoid fighters, too big to conceal quickly on a landing field, too heavy to use on soft ground and had been developed by the RAF without ever asking the army what was needed.[11] Nevertheless, throughout the remainder of 1940, Lysanders flew dawn and dusk patrols off the coast[12] and in the event of an invasion of Britain, they were tasked with attacking the landing beaches with light bombs and machine guns.[13] They were replaced in the home-based army co-operation role from 1941 by camera-equipped fighters such as the Curtiss Tomahawk and North American Mustang carrying out reconnaissance operations, while light aircraft such as the Taylorcraft Auster were used to direct artillery.[14] Some UK-based Lysanders went to work operating air-sea rescue, dropping dinghies to downed RAF aircrew in the English Channel.[15] Fourteen squadrons and flights were formed for this role in 1940 and 1941.

In India, Nos 20 and 28 Squadrons flying Westland Lysanders were listed as non-operational, but part of No. 221 Group RAF in the army co-operation role from Jamshedpur and Ranchi, respectively, on 1 July 1942.[16]

Special duties

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Lysander in Italy evacuating an American OSS officer.

In August 1941 a new squadron, No. 138 (Special Duties), was formed to undertake missions for the Special Operations Executive to maintain clandestine contact with the French Resistance.[1] Among its aircraft were Lysander Mk.IIIs, which flew over and landed in occupied France. While general supply drops could be left to the rest of No. 138's aircraft, the Lysander could insert and remove agents from the continent or retrieve Allied aircrew who had been shot down over occupied territory and had evaded capture. For this role the Mk.IIIs were fitted with a fixed ladder over the port side to hasten access to the rear cockpit and a large drop tank under the belly. In order to slip in unobtrusively Lysanders were painted matte black overall (some early examples had brown/green camouflaged upper surfaces and later examples had grey/green upper surfaces). Operations almost always took place within a week of a full moon, as moonlight was essential for navigation. The aircraft undertook such duties until the liberation of France in 1944.

Lysanders were based at airfields at Newmarket in Suffolk and later Tempsford in Bedfordshire, but used regular RAF stations to fuel-up for the actual crossing, particularly RAF Tangmere. Flying without any navigation equipment other than a map and compass, Lysanders would land on short strips of land, such as fields, marked out by four or five torches or to avoid having to land, the agent, wearing a special padded suit, stepped off at very low altitude and rolled to a stop on the field.[17][page needed] They were originally designed to carry one passenger in the rear cockpit, but for SOE use the rear cockpit of the Mk III (SD) version was modified to carry up to three passengers in case of urgent necessity as they were fitted with a rearward facing bench for two passengers (with a locker underneath) and a shelf at the rear of the compartment which could also serve as a seat for a third passenger.[18]

The pilots of No. 138, and from early 1942 No. 161 Squadron, transported 101 agents to and recovered 128 agents from German-occupied Europe.[19][page needed] The Germans knew little about the British aircraft and wished to study one. Soldiers captured an intact Lysander in March 1942 when its pilot was unable to destroy it after a crash, but a train hit the truck carrying the Lysander, destroying the cargo.[20]

In the Far East, from 1944 No. 357 Squadron RAF operated six SD Lysanders as C Flight for dropping agents in support of Fourteenth Army in Burma.[21]

Lysanders were also used as target-towing and communication aircraft. Two aircraft (T1443 and T1739) were transferred to the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) for training and 18 were used by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. All British Lysanders were withdrawn from service in 1946.

Free French

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Lysander also joined the ranks of the Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres (Free French Air Force, FAFL) when Groupe Mixte de Combat (GMC) 1, formed at RAF Odiham on 29 August 1940, was sent to French North-West Africa in order to persuade the authorities in countries such as Gabon, Cameroon and Chad, which were still loyal to Vichy France, to join the Gaullist cause against the Axis powers, and to attack Italian ground forces in Libya. As with all FAFL aircraft, Lysanders sported the Cross of Lorraine insignia on the fuselage and the wings instead of the French tricolour roundel first used in 1914, to distinguish their aircraft from those flying for the Vichy French Air Force. Lysanders were mostly employed on reconnaissance missions, but were also used to carry out occasional attacks. In all, 24 Lysanders were used by the FAFL.

Canada

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110 (AC) Squadron RCAF Lysander II in silver delivery scheme at RCAF Station Rockcliffe
 
Lysander II.T target tug with black and yellow stripes

One hundred and four British-built Lysanders were delivered to Canada supplementing 225 that were built under licence by National Steel Car at Malton, Ontario (near Toronto) with production starting in October 1938 and the first aircraft flying in August 1939. The RCAF primarily operated Lysanders in the Army Co-operation role, where they represented a major improvement over the antiquated Westland Wapiti which could trace its origins back to 1916. Initial training was conducted at RCAF Station Rockcliffe (near Ottawa, Ontario) with No. 123 Squadron running an army co-operation school there. Units that operated the Lysander for training in this role in Canada include 2 Squadron, 110 Squadron (which became 400 Squadron overseas) and No. 112 Squadron RCAF.

414 squadron formed overseas and joined 110 Squadron and 112 Squadron with Lysanders. Prior to going overseas 2 Squadron was disbanded and its airmen reassigned to 110 and 112 Squadrons to bring them up to war establishment (2 Squadron would later reform in England as a Hurricane unit and eventually be renumbered as 402 Squadron). In all there were three squadrons ready to begin operations against the Axis Powers. Although Operation Sea Lion – the planned German invasion of Great Britain – was averted by the British victory in the Battle of Britain in 1940, the high losses suffered by RAF Lysanders in the Battle of France resulted in any plans for cross-channel offensive operations by Lysanders stopped, although the Canadian squadrons continued training with the Lysanders until suitable replacements were available.

No. 118 Squadron and No. 122 Squadron RCAF were the only Canadian units to use their Lysanders on active-duty operations – 118 in Saint John, New Brunswick, and 122 at various locations on Vancouver Island, where they performed anti-submarine patrols and conducted search-and-rescue operations. During the same period, No. 121 Squadron RCAF and several Operational Training Units (OTUs) used Lysanders – painted in a high-visibility yellow-and-black-striped scheme – for target towing duties.[22]

For a brief period in 1940 when every available Hurricane fighter had been sent overseas to fight in the Battle of Britain, leaving the RCAF without a modern fighter aircraft at home in Canada, two RCAF Lysander-equipped squadrons which were supposed to convert to fighter aircraft but had none to convert to were re-designated as operational fighter squadrons. 111 Squadron, a coastal artillery squadron which earlier had replaced its Avro trainers with Lysanders and been reclassified as an army co-operation unit, was again reclassified as a fighter squadron – the only one on the Canadian west coast – in June 1940. Lysander-equipped118 Squadron was also converted to a fighter squadron. The Lysander completely lacked the capability to operate in a fighter role, and neither squadron saw action as a fighter unit while equipped with Lysanders, but their designation as fighter squadrons did allow RCAF fighter pilots to work up at a critical time without having to wait for the arrival of true fighter aircraft. No. 118 Squadron was disbanded in September 1940, and when it reformed in December 1940, still as a fighter squadron, it was equipped with 15 old, otherwise unwanted Grumman Goblin fighters produced by Canadian Car and Foundry. Both 111 and 118 Squadrons soon re-equipped with the Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk, bringing the brief service of Lysanders in fighter squadrons to an end. By late 1944 all Canadian Lysanders had been withdrawn from flying duties.[22]

Other countries

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Other export customers for the Lysander included the Finnish Air Force (which received four Mk.I and nine Mk.III aircraft), the Irish Air Corps (which took delivery of six Mk.II aircraft), the Turkish Air Force (which received 36 Mk.IIs), the Portuguese Air Force (which took delivery of eight Mk.IIIA aircraft), the United States Army Air Forces (which received 25), the Indian Air Force (which took delivery of 22) and No. 1 Squadron of the Royal Egyptian Air Force.[23] The REAF received 20 aircraft. Egyptian Lysanders were the last to see active service, against Israel in the 1947–1949 Palestine war.

Civilian use

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After the war a number of surplus ex-Royal Canadian Air Force Lysanders were employed as aerial applicators with Westland Dusting Service, operating in Alberta and western Canada.[24] Two of these were saved for inclusion in Lynn Garrison's collection for display in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Production

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A total of 1,786 Lysanders were built, including 225 manufactured under licence by National Steel Car in Malton near Toronto, Ontario, Canada during 1938 and 1939.[25]

Variants

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Lysander IIIA at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Washington D.C.
Lysander Mk.I
Powered by a 890 hp (660 kW) Bristol Mercury XII radial piston engine. Two forward-firing 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in wheel fairings and one pintle-mounted 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis or Vickers K machine gun in rear cockpit. Optional spat-mounted stub wings carried 500 lb (230 kg) of bombs. Four 20 lb (9.1 kg) bombs could be carried under rear fuselage.
Lysander TT Mk.I
Lysander Mk.Is converted into target tugs.
Lysander Mk.II
Powered by one 905 hp (675 kW) Bristol Perseus XII sleeve valve radial piston engine.
Lysander TT Mk.II
Target tug conversion of the Lysander Mk.II.
Lysander Mk.III
Powered by a 870 hp (650 kW) Bristol Mercury XX or 30 radial piston engine, 350 delivered from July 1940. Twin 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning guns in rear cockpit.
Lysander Mk.IIIA
As Lysander Mk.I, with Mercury 20 engine. Twin 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis guns in rear cockpit.
Lysander Mk.III SCW (Special Contract Westland)
Special version for clandestine operations. No armament, long-range 150 gallon fuel tank, fixed external ladder.
Lysander TT Mk.III
Lysander Mk.Is, Mk.IIs and Mk.IIIs converted into target tugs.
Lysander TT Mk.IIIA
100 purpose-built target tugs.
P.12 Delanne Lysander
The P.12, also sometimes referred to as the Wendover[citation needed], was a rebuild of the prototype Lysander K6127 with a Delanne configuration tandem rear wing to carry a four-gun power-operated tail gun turret. The design was intended for "beach strafing" in case of invasion of the UK. The installation of a dorsal (Boulton Paul) gun turret had been mocked up but the movement of the centre of gravity aft was a concern which led to the investigation of the use of a Delanne tailplane which would provide 50% of the lift and allow for wide C-of-G range. Petter and Harald Penrose consulted Maurice Delanne, and Penrose flew the Delanne 20T in spring 1940 after which Petter drew up a design. The rear fuselage was altered into a wider one of constant cross section. Mounted low on the fuselage was the tail surface with twin tail fins replacing the central fin. This left room for a gun turret just aft of the rear wing. Both Frazer Nash and Boulton-Paul turrets were considered but only a ballasted dummy with no power system was installed. The main wing and forward fuselage remained unchanged. Trials did not start until July 1941 and by the time A&AEE evaluation was complete the need for a breach-strafer had disappeared.[26][27][28]
"Pregnant Perch"
L6473 adapted with a ventral gun position, resulting in a bulged fuselage belly, again for beach strafing. During testing in June 1940 an engine failure led to a force landing and the aircraft ended up "with its nose in a ditch".[29][26][a] In 1940 K6127 was tested with a pair of 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannon mounted on top of the wheel fairings and the stub wings removed; the intention was to use the aircraft against invasion barges in Operation Sealion.[31]

Operators

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Main article: List of Westland Lysander operators

Surviving aircraft

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Lysander Mk.III flown by the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Hamilton, Ontario
 
Shuttleworth Collection Lysander during an air show

A number of Lysanders are preserved in museums in Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Belgium, and elsewhere.

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In 1963, BBC TV transmitted a series of dramas called Moonstrike about the insertion of clandestine SOE operatives into occupied France. The first episode featured a reconstruction of a typical Lysander operation.[50]

Specifications (Lysander Mk.III)

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Lysander Mk.I drawing, with additional side view of Mk.III (SD) covert operations aircraft.

Data from Westland Aircraft since 1915[51]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (1 pilot, 1 pass.)
  • Length: 30 ft 6 in (9.30 m)
  • Wingspan: 50 ft 0 in (15.24 m)
  • Height: 14 ft 6 in (4.42 m)
  • Wing area: 260 sq ft (24 m2)
  • Airfoil: RAF 34[52] modified[53]
  • Empty weight: 4,365 lb (1,980 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 6,330 lb (2,871 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Bristol Mercury XX 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 870 hp (650 kW)
  • Propellers: 3-bladed

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 212 mph (341 km/h, 184 kn) at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
  • Stall speed: 65 mph (105 km/h, 56 kn)
  • Range: 600 mi (970 km, 520 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 21,500 ft (6,600 m)
  • Time to altitude: 10,000 ft (3,048 m) in 8 minutes
  • Take-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 915 ft (279 m)

Armament

  • Guns: 2 × forward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in wheel fairings and two more for the observer.
  • Bombs: 4 × 20 lb (9 kg) HE bombs on a Light Series carrier or 1 × 150 imp gal tank (on MK IIIA SD) under rear fuselage and/or 500 lb (227 kg) of bombs[b] on undercarriage stub wing hardpoints (if fitted)

See also

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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ The landing was made uphill and avoiding high tension power lines[30]
  2. ^ Four 120 lb GP bombs or two 250lb HE bombs[51]
  1. ^ a b Davies, Glyn (2014). Teddy Petter Aircraft Designer. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7524-9211-7.
  2. ^ Flight 1938 p. 572
  3. ^ Taylor 1969, p. 443.
  4. ^ Verity 1978 p. 15
  5. ^ Wake-Walker 2014 p. 64
  6. ^ Masters, John. The Road Past Mandalay. London: Bengal-Rockland, 1961. ISBN 0-304-36157-7.
  7. ^ Air International, January 1984, pp. 26–27.
  8. ^ a b March 1998, p. 243.
  9. ^ James 1991, p. 247.
  10. ^ Air International January 1984, p. 27.
  11. ^ Munro, Ronald Lyell. Above the Battle: An Air Observation Pilot at War (Kindle ed.). Pen and Sword. p. Kindle location 239.
  12. ^ Rickard, J. "No. 613 Squadron (RAF): Second World War", HistoryOfWar.org, 6 April 2012.
  13. ^ "RAF Museum: Westland Lysander III." Archived 3 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Royal Air Force Museum, 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  14. ^ Air International February 1984, p. 81.
  15. ^ Air International February 1984, p. 82.
  16. ^ Air Historical Branch, R.A.F. Narrative (First Draft), The Campaigns in the Far East, Volume III, India Command, September 1939 to November 1943, Appendix 2, 167..
  17. ^ Butler, Josephine (1983). Churchill's Secret Agent. Blaketon-Hall. ISBN 978-0-907854-02-9.
  18. ^ Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. "Westland Lysander Mk III (SD)". Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  19. ^ Gunston, Bill. Classic World War II Aircraft Cutaways. London: Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-526-8.
  20. ^ Breuer 2000, pp. 135–137.
  21. ^ Mason, Profile 146
  22. ^ a b Kostenuk and Griffin 1977, p. 56.
  23. ^ Steve Rothwell, Military Ally or Liability, The Egyptian Army 1936–42. Retrieved June 2020.
  24. ^ Milberry 1979, pp. 98, 213.
  25. ^ Milberry 1979, p. 116.
  26. ^ a b James, 1991, p.244
  27. ^ Bowers 1984 pp. 34–5
  28. ^ Philip Jarrett; "Nothing Ventured...", Aeroplane Monthly, June 1990, pp.334-7.
  29. ^ James 1991 pp. 243–4
  30. ^ Mason (1967) p11
  31. ^ Mason, 1967, p.11
  32. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Westland Lysander IIIA, s/n 1589 RCAF". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  33. ^ "Westland Lysander". The Canadian Museum of Flight. Canadian Museum of Flight. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  34. ^ "Westland Lysander Mk. IIIA". Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  35. ^ Kolasa, Rich, "Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum Flyfest Hamilton, Ontario, 20–21 June 2009", World Airshow News, archived from the original on 7 July 2011, retrieved 4 September 2009
  36. ^ "The Sergeant Clifford Stewart Westland Lysander IIIA". Vintage Wings of Canada. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  37. ^ "It's Official; She's Airborne!". Vintage Wings of Canada. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  38. ^ "Transfert Lysander statique vers Landen". Sabena Old Timers (in French). Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  39. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Westland Lysander III, s/n 2442 RCAF, c/r OO-SOT". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  40. ^ "Aviation". Reynolds Museum. Government of Alberta. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  41. ^ "News 14/11/2009 : Westland Lysander T1562 V9562 in restoration for the Royal Army Museum in Brussels". bamf & bamrs diary. 14 November 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  42. ^ "Westland Lysander III". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  43. ^ Simpson, Andrew (2013). "INDIVIDUAL HISTORY" (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  44. ^ The Shuttleworth Collection – Lysander Archived 10 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 9 March 2017
  45. ^ Westland Lysander – Aircraft Restoration Company Retrieved: 22 May 2019
  46. ^ "WESTLAND LYSANDER III". Canada Aviation and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  47. ^ "Westland Lysander IIIa". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  48. ^ "Westland Lysander IIIA". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  49. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Westland Lysander, c/n 1244". Aerial Visuals. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  50. ^ "Moonstrike". Action TV. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  51. ^ a b James 1991, pp. 252–253.
  52. ^ "RAF 34 AIRFOIL (raf34-il)". airfoiltools.com. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  53. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

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  • Bowers, Peter M. (1984). Unconventional Aircraft. Blue Ridge Summit: Tab Books Inc. ISBN 0-8306-2384-1.
  • Breuer, William B. Top Secret Tales of World War II. New York: Wiley, 2000. ISBN 0-471-35382-5.
  • Donald, David and Jon Lake, eds. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-880588-24-2.
  • "For Army Co-operation". Flight. 9 June 1938. pp. 569–576. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
  • Griffiths, Frank. Winged Hours. London: William Kimber, 1981. ISBN 0-7183-0128-5.
  • Hall, Alan W. Westland Lysander, Warpaint Series No. 48. Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: Warpaint Books Ltd., 2005. OCLC 78987749.
  • James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1991. ISBN 0-85177-847-X.
  • James, Derek N. Westland: A History. Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd, 2002. ISBN 0-7524-2772-5.
  • Kightly, James. Westland Lysander. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2006. ISBN 83-917178-4-4.
  • Kostenuk, Samuel and John Griffin. RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft: 1924–1968. Toronto, Ontario: Samuel Stevens Hakkert & Company, 1977. ISBN 0-88866-577-6.
  • March, Daniel J. British Warplanes of World War II. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-874023-92-1.
  • Mason, Francis K. (1967). The Westland Lysander. Aircraft in Profile Number 159. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications.
  • Milberry, Larry. Aviation in Canada. Toronto: McGraw Hill Ryerson Limited, 1979. ISBN 0-07-082778-8.
  • Mondey, David. Westland (Planemakers 2). London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0134-4.
  • Ovčáčík, Michal and Karel Susa. Westland Lysander Mks.I, II, III/IIIA, III(SD)/IIIA(SD), TT Mks. I, II, III. Prague, Czech Republic: Mark 1 Ltd., 1999. ISBN 80-902559-1-4.
  • Robertson, Bruce. Lysander Special. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1977. ISBN 0-7110-0764-0.
  • "Some talk of Alexander..." Part 1. Air International, January 1984, Vol. 26, No. 1. ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 21–28.
  • "Some talk of Alexander" Part 2. Air International, February 1984, Vol. 26, No. 2. ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 80–87.
  • Stenman, Kari (July–August 2001). "From Britain to Finland: Supplies for the Winter War". Air Enthusiast. No. 94. pp. 56–59. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Taylor, John W.R. "Westland Lysander." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
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  • Wake-Walker, Edward. Westland Lysander: Owners' Workshop Manual. Yeovil: Haynes Publishing, 2014. ISBN 978-0-85733-395-7.
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