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War pigeon

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Homing pigeons have long played an important role in war. Due to their homing ability, speed, and altitude, they were often used as military messengers. Carrier pigeons of the Racing Homer breed were used to carry messages in World War I and World War II, and 32 such pigeons were presented with the Dickin Medal.[1] Medals such as the Croix de Guerre, awarded to Cher Ami, and the Dickin Medal awarded to the pigeons G.I. Joe and Paddy, amongst 32 others, have been awarded to pigeons for their services in saving human lives.

Dispatching of a message by carrier pigeon within the Swiss Army during World War I

During World War I and World War II, carrier pigeons were used to transport messages back to their home coop behind the lines. When they landed, wires in the coop would sound a bell or buzzer and a soldier of the Signal Corps would know a message had arrived. The soldier would go to the coop, remove the message from the canister, and send it to its destination by telegraph, field phone, or personal messenger.

A carrier pigeon's job was dangerous. Nearby, enemy soldiers often tried to shoot down pigeons, knowing that released birds were carrying important messages. Some of these pigeons became quite famous amongst the infantrymen for whom they worked. One pigeon, named “Spike”, flew 52 missions without receiving a single wound.[2] Another, named Cher Ami, lost his foot and one eye, but his message got through, saving a large group of surrounded American infantrymen.

History

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Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters. In the sixth century BC, Cyrus, king of Persia, used carrier pigeons to communicate with various parts of his empire.[3] In Ancient Rome, Julius Caesar used pigeons to send messages to the territory of Gaul.[4]

During the 19th-century (1870–71) Franco-Prussian War, besieged Parisians used carrier pigeons to transmit messages outside the city; in response, the besieging Prussian Army employed hawks to hunt the pigeons.[5] The French military used balloons to transport homing pigeons past enemy lines.[6] Microfilm images containing hundreds of messages allowed letters to be carried into Paris by pigeon from as far away as London. More than one million different messages traveled this way during the four-month siege. They were then discovered to be very useful, and carrier pigeons were well considered in military theory leading up to World War I.

World War I

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British WWI poster regarding the killing of war pigeons being an offence under Regulation 21A of the Defence of the Realm Act

Homing pigeons were used extensively during World War I. In 1914, during the First Battle of the Marne, the French army advanced 72 pigeon lofts with the troops. The US Army Signal Corps used 600 pigeons in France alone.

One of their homing pigeons, a Blue Check cock[a] named Cher Ami, was awarded the French "Croix de Guerre with Palm” for heroic service delivering 12 important messages during the Battle of Verdun. On his final mission in October 1918, he delivered a message despite having been shot through the breast or wing. The crucial message, found in the capsule hanging from a ligament of his shattered leg, saved 194 US soldiers of the 77th Infantry Division's “Lost Battalion".[8][9]

 
German unmanned camera pigeon (probably aerial reconnaissance in World War I)

United States Navy aviators maintained 12 pigeon stations in France, with a total inventory of 1,508 pigeons when the war ended. Pigeons were carried in airplanes to rapidly return messages to these stations, and 829 birds flew in 10,995 wartime aircraft patrols. Airmen of the 230 patrols with messages entrusted to pigeons threw the message-carrying pigeon either up or down, depending on the type of aircraft, to keep the pigeon out of the propeller and away from airflow toward the aircraft wings and struts. Eleven of the thrown pigeons went missing in action, but the remaining 219 messages were delivered successfully.[10]

 
Leg canister for a war pigeon, U.S. Army Signal Corps, World War I. 1.0 x 2.9 cm, 1.7 gm

Pigeons were considered an essential element of naval aviation communication when the first United States aircraft carrier USS Langley was commissioned on 20 March 1922, so the ship included a pigeon house on the stern.[11] The pigeons were trained at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard while Langley was undergoing conversion. As long as the pigeons were released a few at a time for exercise, they returned to the ship; but when the whole flock was released while Langley was anchored off Tangier Island, the pigeons flew south and roosted in the cranes of the Norfolk shipyard.[12] The pigeons never went to sea again.[11]

World War II and later deployments

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During World War II, the United Kingdom used about 250,000 homing pigeons for many purposes, including communicating with those behind enemy lines such as Belgian spy Jozef Raskin. The Dickin Medal, the highest possible decoration for valor given to animals, was awarded to 32 pigeons, including the United States Army Pigeon Service's G.I. Joe and the Irish pigeon Paddy.

The UK maintained the Air Ministry Pigeon Section during World War II and for a while thereafter. A Pigeon Policy Committee made decisions about the uses of pigeons in military contexts. The head of the section, Lea Rayner, reported in 1945 that pigeons could be trained to deliver small explosives or bioweapons to precise targets. The ideas were not taken up by the committee, and in 1948 the UK military stated that pigeons were of no further use. During the war, messenger pigeons could draw a special allowance of corn and seed, but as soon as the war ended this had been cancelled and anyone keeping pigeons would have to draw on their own personal rationed corn and seed to also feed the pigeons.[13] However, the UK security service MI5 was still concerned about the use of pigeons by enemy forces. Until 1950, they arranged for 100 birds to be maintained by a civilian pigeon fancier in order to prepare for any eventuality. The Swiss army disbanded its Pigeon section in 1996.[14]

21st Century

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In 2010, Indian police expressed suspicion that a recently captured pigeon from Pakistan might have been carrying a message from Pakistan.[15] In 2015, a pigeon from Pakistan was logged into Indian records as a "suspected spy".[16] In May 2020, another suspected Pakistani spy pigeon was captured by Indian security forces in Jammu and Kashmir.[17] After finding nothing suspicious, India authorities released the pigeon back into Pakistan.[18]

In 2016, a Jordanian border official said at a news conference that Islamic State militants were using homing pigeons to deliver messages to operatives outside its "so called caliphate".[19]

Decorated war pigeons

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In total, 32 pigeons were decorated with the Dickin Medal[20] including:[21]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ On May 10, 2021, Doctors Carla Dove and Robert Fleischer took samples of the preserved body of Cher Ami and sent them for DNA analysis. On June 30, 2021, results confirmed that Cher Ami was a cock (male).[7]

References

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  1. ^ "PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC', Pigeons — Roll of Honour". PDSA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
  2. ^ "Pigeon Heroes of the Great War: Spike". pigeonsofwar.wordpress.com. 26 October 2022.
  3. ^ name="nytimes">"Carrier pigeons still serve; Even in modern war they do messenger duty", The New York Times. 12 April 1936. p. SM26.
  4. ^ Levi, Wendell (1977). The Pigeon. Sumter, South Carolina: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. ISBN 0-85390-013-2.
  5. ^ "Carrier pigeons still serve; even in modern war they do messenger duty", The New York Times. 12 April 1936. p. SM26.
  6. ^ Cleaver, Hylton (June 1951). "They've earned their corn". Men Only: 101.
  7. ^ Blazich, Frank (2021-07-15). "He? She? Or just plain Cher Ami? Solving a century-old pigeon mystery". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
  8. ^ Jim Greelis. "Pigeons in Military History". World of Wings. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  9. ^ "Cher Ami (Dear Friend)". Home of Heroes. Archived from the original on November 5, 2002. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  10. ^ Van Wyen, Adrian O. (1969). Naval Aviation in World War I. Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. p. 30.
  11. ^ a b Tate, Jackson R, RADM USN (October 1978). "We Rode the Covered Wagon". United States Naval Institute Proceedings: 65.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Pride, A.M. VADM USN (January 1979). "Comment and Discussion". United States Naval Institute Proceedings: 89.
  13. ^ Cleaver, Hylton (June 1951). "They've earned their corn". Men Only: 100.
  14. ^ "Auflösung des Brieftaubendienstes abgeschlossen". Admin.ch. 2 July 1996. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  15. ^ Express / AFP (28 May 2010). "Fowl play: alleged spy pigeon held in India". Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  16. ^ "Pakistanis respond after 'spy pigeon' detained in India". BBC News. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  17. ^ "Suspected 'spy' pigeon from Pakistan carrying 'coded message' captured in Jammu and Kashmir". Hindustan Times. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  18. ^ "India returns alleged spy bird to Pakistan". DW.COM. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  19. ^ "Jordanian military official says ISIS using homing pigeons to carry messages". Fox News Channel. Foxnews.com. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  20. ^ Flying heroes: The true story, PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC'
  21. ^ "PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC'". PDSA. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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