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Wadie Haddad (Arabic: وديع حداد; 1927 – 28 March 1978), also known as Abu Hani, was a Palestinian militant. He led the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. He organized several hijackings of international civilian passenger aircraft in the 1960s and 1970s,[1] the most infamous of which was the Entebbe hijacking, when Palestinian and German militants under his command held 106 hostages — primarily Israeli Jews, although four non-Israeli Jews were also retained for unclear reasons[2][3] — on a flight from Israel to France after diverting it to Uganda.
Wadie Haddad | |
|---|---|
وديع حداد | |
 Haddad in Syria, c. 1970 | |
| Born | 1927 |
| Died | 28 March 1978 (aged 50–51) |
| Nationality | Palestinian |
| Other names | Abu Hani (ابو هاني) |
| Alma mater | American University of Beirut |
| Years active | 1951–1978 |
| Employer |  KGB |
| Organization |  PFLP–EO |
Early life and education
editHaddad was born into a family of Palestinian Christians (Greek Orthodox) in the city of Safed in 1927.[4][5] His home was destroyed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, prompting him to flee to Lebanon as a Palestinian refugee. He received a degree in medicine from the American University of Beirut,[5] where he met fellow Palestinian refugee George Habash, who was also a medical student. Together, they helped found the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), a political organization of pan-Arabists who sought to dismantle Israel and unite the world's Arab countries.
After graduating, he relocated with Habash to Amman, Jordan, where they established a medical clinic. He worked with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in 1956 but was arrested by Jordanian authorities in the following year due to his nationalist activities. In 1961, he managed to escape to Syria. From 1963 onwards, Haddad became a proponent of the armed struggle against Israel and succeeded in militarizing the ANM.
Role in the PFLP
editAfter the 1967 Six-Day War, the Palestinian wing of the ANM transformed into the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a Marxist formation, under the leadership of Habash. Haddad became the leader of its military wing, involved in organizing attacks on Israeli targets. He argued for and organized hijackings, includng the first PFLP aircraft hijacking in 1968, when an Israeli El Al plane was hijacked. despite criticism of the PFLP from within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
The Dawson's Field hijackings of 1970, when PFLP members including Leila Khaled brought three passenger jets to Jordan, helped provoke the bloody fighting of Black September. After the expulsion of the PLO factions from Jordan, Haddad was subjected to harsh criticism from the PFLP, which was in turn under pressure from the rest of the PLO. Haddad was ordered not to attack targets outside Israel, but he continued operations under the name of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO). Haddad was expelled from the PFLP in 1973.
He also employed the services of Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, better known as "Carlos the Jackal", whom he had met in 1970 and trained in guerrilla warfare techniques but expelled Sánchez from his team after Sánchez had been accused of refusing to kill two hostages, and possibly stealing ransom money, following the 1975 assault on the OPEC conference in Vienna.
Haddad organized the Entebbe hijacking in June 1976.
During this time he was also friends with Swiss neo-Nazi, ODESSA facilitator, and former Abwehr agent, Francois Genoud.[6]
Death
editHaddad died on 28 March 1978 in East Germany, reportedly from leukemia. According to the book Striking Back, published by Aaron J. Klein in 2006, Haddad was killed by Mossad, which had sent the chocolate-loving Haddad Belgian chocolates coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die several months later.[7]
According to the 2018 book Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations by Ronen Bergman, the Mossad killed Haddad by poisoning his toothpaste. On 10 January 1978, a deep-cover Mossad agent with a high level of access to Haddad's home and office switched his regular tube of toothpaste for an identical tube containing a toxin that had been developed at the Israel Institute for Biological Research. Some of the toxin penetrated the mucous membranes of his mouth and entered his bloodstream every time he brushed his teeth. Haddad became ill and was admitted to an Iraqi government hospital, where the doctors could not figure out what his condition was and suspected he had been poisoned. Upon Yasser Arafat's request, he was flown to East Germany to be hospitalized at a prestigious hospital which treated members of the intelligence and security communities, where he was admitted under the pseudonym of Ahmed Doukli. The tube of lethal toothpaste was included in a bag of toiletries his aides packed for him when he was taken to East Germany. He was extensively tested and the physicians suspected he had been poisoned with either rat poison or thallium, but found no direct evidence. His condition continued to deteriorate. According to intelligence provided by an Israeli agent in East Germany, Haddad's screams of pain were heard throughout the hospital and he had to be heavily dosed with tranquilizers and sedatives. Haddad died ten days after his arrival there.[8][9]
What remained of the PFLP-EO dissolved after his death, but in the process inaugurated the 15 May Organization and the PFLP-SC.[citation needed]
Ties to the Soviet KGB
editAccording to Vasili Mitrokhin, a senior KGB archivist who defected to the UK in 1992, in early 1970 Haddad was recruited by the KGB as an agent, codenamed NATIONALIST. Thereafter, in deep secrecy the Soviets helped to fund and arm the PFLP. The KGB had warning of its major operations and almost certainly sanctioned the most significant, such as the September 1970 hijackings. Haddad remained a highly valued agent till his death in 1978.[10]
A letter by KGB chairman Yuri Andropov to Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet leader and head of the Communist Party, about the covert transfer of arms to the PFLP refers to Haddad as a "trusted KGB intelligence agent".[11] The letter and two other highly classified documents from the CPSU Central Committee archive were located and secretly copied by Vladimir Bukovsky in 1992.[12]
References
edit- ^ "Wadie Haddad". www.sundance.tv.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Melman, Yossi (8 July 2011). "Setting the record straight: Entebbe was not Auschwitz". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ Saul, David (2017). Operation Thunderbolt: Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport, the Most Audacious Hostage Rescue Mission in History. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-24539-5. "But, as Ilan Hartuv and others were later quick to point out, this was never a simple division of Jews and non-Jews. Many non-Israeli Jews like Julie Aouzerate, Michel Cojot and Peter and Nancy Rabinowitz remained in the original room."
- ^ Thomas Riegler (2020). "When modern terrorism began The OPEC hostage-taking of 1975". In Dag Harald Claes; Giuliano Garavini (eds.). Handbook of OPEC and the Global Energy Order. Past, Present and Future Challenges (PDF). London: Routledge. p. 291. doi:10.4324/9780429203190. ISBN 9780429203190. S2CID 211416208.
- ^ a b Mark Ensalaco (2008). Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8122-4046-7. JSTOR j.ctt3fhmb0.
- ^ Coogan, Kevin (1999). Dreamer of the day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International. Brooklyn, New York: Autonomedia. p. 586. ISBN 1-57027-039-2.
- ^ "Israel used chocs to poison Palestinian". Sydney Morning Herald. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ Bergman, Ronen: Rise and Kill First, pp. 212-213
- ^ Horovitz, David (26 January 2018). "Mossad chose not to nab Mengele, didn't hunt down Munich terrorists, book claims". Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ "23 April 1974 (1071-A/ov) Haddad: Andropov to Brezhnev". July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2024 – via The Bukovsky Archives.
- ^ "16 May 1975 (1218-A/ov) Haddad: Andropov to Brezhnev". July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2024 – via The Bukovsky Archives.
- ^ "Night of the Looters (1996)". The Bukovsky Archives. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
Further reading
edit- Bassam Abu Sharif; Uzi Mahnaimi (1995). The Best of Enemies: The Memoirs of Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-00401-4.