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Siege of Corunna
	Part of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War
	; Route of the Armada (1590 map)
Date	July–August 1588
Location	North-west Europe
Result	Decisive Spanish defeat Militarily indecisive; Spanish invasion failure; Protestant propaganda victory;
Belligerents
Kingdom of England; Dutch Republic;	Iberian Union (Habsburg Spain)
Commanders and leaders
Lord Howard of Effingham; Francis Drake; John Hawkins; Justinus van Nassau;	Duke of Medina Sidonia; Juan Martínez de Recalde; Duke of Parma;
Strength
34 warships; 163 armed merchant vessels; (30 more than 200 tons); 1972 guns; 30 Dutch flyboats; Total: 197 English ships;	22 galleons of Portugal and Castile; 108 armed merchant vessels (including four war galleasses of Naples); 2,431 guns; 7,000 sailors; 17,000 soldiers (90% Spaniards, 10% Portuguese); Total: 130 ships;
Casualties and losses
Battle of Gravelines: 50–100 dead; 400 wounded; 8 fireships burnt; Disease: 6,000–8,000 dead	Battle of Gravelines: More than 600 dead; 800 wounded; 397 captured; Five ships sunk or captured; Overall: c. 35 ships lost (10 scuttled); 20,000 dead;

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El Instituto desarrolló el calibrador MIRI-MTS, un sistema óptico de medición que se utilizó para comprobar y verificar el instrumento MIRI. Se realizaron pruebas de las prestaciones y simulación de los modos de operación del mismo, entre las que cabe destacar: respuesta espacial y rendimiento de la imagen, respuesta espectral y rechazo de luz difusa.^[26]^[27]

^ Mattingly p. 401: "the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive"
^ Parker & Martin p. 5: "an unmitigated disaster"
^ Vego p. 148: "the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada"
^ Lucy Hughes-Hallett notes that the action off Gravelines "was the fight which would enter English history books as 'the defeat of the Spanish Armada', but to those who took part in it the engagement appeared inconclusive. By the end of it the Armada was battered but still battleworthy, while the English were almost entirely out of ammunition". Hughes-Hallett, Lucy: Heroes: A History of Hero Worship. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010. ISBN 9780307485908, p. 327.
^ "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive". Holmes, Richard; Marix Evans, Martin: Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 9780191501173, p. 108.
^ According to José Alcalá-Zamora Queipo de Llano, "the confused and partial news of the indecisive naval actions fought between both naval formations in the English Channel were transformed into adulatory, courtier and political victorious reports". Alcalá-Zamora, José N.: La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible": fabulación y realidad). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 2004. ISBN 9788495983374, p. 20.
^ Parker & Martin p. 245
^ Alcalá-Zamora p 56
^ Richard Holmes 2001, Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History, p. 858: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive"
^ Mattingly 362
^ ^a ^b Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, p. 40.
^ Tucker, Spencer (2011). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 180.
^ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, pp. 10, 13, 19, 26.
^ Kinard, Jeff. Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact. p. 92.
^ Burke, Peter. The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 13, Companion Volume.
^ Kamen, Henry (2014). Spain, 1469-1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. p. 123.
^ Lewis, Michael.The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968, p. 184.
^ John Knox Laughton,State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588, printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, pp. 8–9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.
^ Lewis, p. 182.
^ Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P.M. Jones (1985) The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 69 (1), 108 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.
^ Casado Soto, José L.: Atlantic shipping in sixteenth-century Spain and the 1588 Armada, in Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams (eds.): England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1991. ISBN 9780859763004, p. 122.
^ Garrett Mattingly rejects old estimations, makes a recount and concludes: "So, lost, at most, 31 ships (not 41), 10 pinnaces at most (not 20), two galleasses (not three), one galley. Total, not more than 44 (not 65), probably five or six and perhaps a doze less." Mattingly, Garrett: The Armada. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. ISBN 9780395083666, p. 426.
^ Lewis p. 208
^ Lewis pp. 208–09
^ Hanson p. 563
^ https://actualidadaeroespacial.com/el-inta-participa-en-el-telescopio-espacial-jwst-el-mas-potente-del-mundo/
^ http://www.cab.inta.es/es/noticias/8/el-telescopio-espacial-jwst-recibe-su-primer-instrumento-miri

[1] Mattingly p. 401: "the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive"

[2] Parker & Martin p. 5: "an unmitigated disaster"

[3] Vego p. 148: "the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada"

[4] Lucy Hughes-Hallett notes that the action off Gravelines "was the fight which would enter English history books as 'the defeat of the Spanish Armada', but to those who took part in it the engagement appeared inconclusive. By the end of it the Armada was battered but still battleworthy, while the English were almost entirely out of ammunition". Hughes-Hallett, Lucy: Heroes: A History of Hero Worship. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010. ISBN 9780307485908, p. 327.

[5] "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive". Holmes, Richard; Marix Evans, Martin: Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 9780191501173, p. 108.

[6] According to José Alcalá-Zamora Queipo de Llano, "the confused and partial news of the indecisive naval actions fought between both naval formations in the English Channel were transformed into adulatory, courtier and political victorious reports". Alcalá-Zamora, José N.: La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible": fabulación y realidad). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 2004. ISBN 9788495983374, p. 20.

[7] Parker & Martin p. 245

[8] Alcalá-Zamora p 56

[9] Richard Holmes 2001, Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History, p. 858: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive"

[10] Mattingly 362

[Martin_40-11] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, p. 40.

[12] Tucker, Spencer (2011). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 180.

[13] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, pp. 10, 13, 19, 26.

[14] Kinard, Jeff. Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact. p. 92.

[15] Burke, Peter. The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 13, Companion Volume.

[16] Kamen, Henry (2014). Spain, 1469-1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. p. 123.

[17] Lewis, Michael.The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968, p. 184.

[18] John Knox Laughton,State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588, printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, pp. 8–9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.

[Lewis_182-19] Lewis, p. 182.

[20] Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P.M. Jones (1985) The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 69 (1), 108 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.

[21] Casado Soto, José L.: Atlantic shipping in sixteenth-century Spain and the 1588 Armada, in Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams (eds.): England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1991. ISBN 9780859763004, p. 122.

[22] Garrett Mattingly rejects old estimations, makes a recount and concludes: "So, lost, at most, 31 ships (not 41), 10 pinnaces at most (not 20), two galleasses (not three), one galley. Total, not more than 44 (not 65), probably five or six and perhaps a doze less." Mattingly, Garrett: The Armada. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. ISBN 9780395083666, p. 426.

[23] Lewis p. 208

[24] Lewis pp. 208–09

[25] Hanson p. 563

[26] ttps://actualidadaeroespacial.com/el-inta-participa-en-el-telescopio-espacial-jwst-el-mas-potente-del-mundo/

[27] ttp://www.cab.inta.es/es/noticias/8/el-telescopio-espacial-jwst-recibe-su-primer-instrumento-miri

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