Creuzbourg

Times of commotion

“

In times of such commotion as present, while the passions of men are worked up to an uncommon pitch, there is great danger of fatal extremes. The same state of the passions which fits the multitude, who has not the sufficient stock of reason and knowledge to guide them, for opposition to tyranny and oppression, very naturally leads to a contempt and disregard of all authority. The due medium is hardly to be found among the more intelligent. It is almost impossible among the unthinking populace. When the mind of these are loosened from their attachment to ancient establishments and courses, they seem to grow giddy and are apt more or less to run into anarchy.

”

— Alexander Hamilton, 1775.

Contested elections

“

In the excitement of contested elections and of party spirit, judgement becames the slave of the will - Men of intelligence, talents, and even of integrity upon other occasions surrender themselves up to their passions - Believe everything, with, without, or even against evidence, according as it suits their their own wishes.

”

— John Quincy Adams, 1827.

Demagogues in Congress

“

The demagogues in Congress disgrace the body and the country. Noisy and loud professions, with no useful policy or end, exhibit themselves daily.

”

— Gideon Welles, 1862.

The greed and selfishness of Congressmen

“

The contact with the greed and selfishness of Congressmen is unspeakably repulsive. The constant contact with envy, meanness, ignorance and the swinish selfishness which ignorance breeds needs a stronger heart and a more obedient nervous system than I can boast.

”

— John Hay, 1881.

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Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Requests

Fowls

Water

Scandinavian	English	Old English	Icelandic, German, French	Medieval Latin
Lómr, Lom	Loon	Loom, Lumme	Himbrimi, Taucher, Plongeon1682	Mergus
Dopping	Grebe1766	Dopfugel	Goði, Taucher, Grèbe1557	Mergulus
Hegri, Häghri, Häger	Heron1300	Hrāgra	Hegri, Reiher, Héron/Hairon1150	Ardea, Herodius
Storkr, Stork	Stork	Storc	Storch, Cigogne1113	Ciconia, Cigonia
Gás, Gås	Goose	Gōs	Gæs, Gans, Bernache/Oie1175	Anser
Svanr, Svan	Swan	Swan	Svan, Schwann, Cygne/Cisne1170	Olor
Alpt, Ǫlpt, Emt, Svan	Whooper, Hooper1556, Elk1552	Ylfete, Elfete	Álft	Cignus
Ǫnd, And	Duck	Ened	Önd, Ente, Canard1199	Anas
Æþar, Æðr, Ejder	Eider	´	Æður, Eiderente, Eider/Edre1260
Skrake, stor	Goosander, Merganser1752		Gulönd, Gänseäger, Harle/Herle1290	Mergus, Merganser1550

Raptors

Scandinavian	English	Old English	Icelandic, German, French	Medieval Latin
Gióðr, Giuþer, Fiskgjuse	Osprey1450	Herefong	Gjóður, Fischadler, Balbuzard1770	Ossifragus Lammergeier
Vákr, Vråk	Buzzard1300	Tysċa, Wrocc?	Vok, Bussard1500 (BūsantMHD/ MūsarMHD/MūsaroAHD) Buse1460	Buteo
Gleða, Glada	Kite	Cȳta, Glede/Glida, Frysca	Milan1700/Weihe/WīoAHD, Milan1500	Milvus
Haukr, Höker, Hök	Hawk, Hauk1300 Havek1200	Heafoc	Haukur, Habicht/HabuhAHD, Autour/Épervier (Hostur1100/Esprever1100)	Accipiter
Örn	Erne, Eagle1450	Earn	Örn, Adler1100/AarAHD, Aigle/EgleOF	Aquila
Valr, Falkr, Falker, Falk	Falcon1350	Fealca	Fálki, Falke/FalkoAHD, Faucon/Falcun1100	Falco

Falconry

English	French	German	Medieval Latin	Scandinavian
Gyrfalcon gerfalcon 1200	girfauc Faucon gerfaut girfaus 1180	Gerfalke/Jagdfalke		Jaktfalk
Peregrine 1550	faulcon pelerin 1250 Faucon pèlerin	Wanderfalke	falco peregrinus	Pilgrimsfalk
Hobby	Faucon hobereau 1377 hoberel 1195	Baumfalke		Lärkfalk
Kestrel castrell 1400 windhover 1670	cresserele 1200 crécelle <1200 Faucon crécerelle	Turmfalke		Tornfalk
Merlin ~1375	esmerillon 1165 émerillon Faucon émerillon	*smiril Frankiska smerlo/smiril AHD Merlin/Schmerl(in)		Stenfalk Smyrill

Geese

Scandinavian Icelandic Faroese	German Netherlands Low German Frisian	English French
Grågås Grágæs Grágás	Graugans Grauwe gans Graugoos Skiere goes	Greylag Goose Oie cendrée
Bläsgås Tundragås Blisgås Blesgæs Korngás	Blässgans Kolgans Blessgoos Blesgoes·	White-fronted Goose Oie rieuse
Fjällgås Dverggås Dværggås Fjallgæs Ennihvít gás	Zwerggans Dwerggans Dwarggoos Goudeachje	Lesser White-fronted Goose Oie naine
Sädgås Sædgås Akurgæs Ekrugás	Saatgans/Rietgans Taigarietgans Reitgoos Sidadgus/Taigawink	Bean goose Oie des moissons
Spetsbergsgås Kortnebbgås Kortnæbbet gås Heiðagæs Íslandsgás	Kurzschnabelgans Kleine rietgans Lüttje Reitgoos	Pink-footed goose Oie à bec court
Vitkindad gås Hvitkinngås Bramgås Helsingi Brandgås	Weißwangengans Brandgans Greenlungus Gröönlandgoos	Barnacle goose Bernache nonnette

Army size

Size of European armies 1630-1710

State	Size	~~1475	~~1555	~~1595	~1630	~1650	~1710
Size of European armies 1630-1710
Population ~1650 (millions)		Size of Army (thousands)
Denmark–Norway	1.3 ^[1]	..	..	..	30-40 ^[2]	35 ^[3]	53 ^[2]
Sweden-Finland	1.1 ^[1]	..	..	15 ^[4]	45 ^[4]	70 ^[4]	100 ^[4]
Brandenburg-Prussia	0.5 ^[5]	..	..	..	12 ^[6]	8 ^[7]	40 ^[8]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	11 ^[9]	..	..	..	17 ^[10]	53 ^[11]	50 ^[11]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	11 ^[9]	..	..	..	17 ^[10]	53 ^[11]	100* ^[11]
Tsardom of Russia	15 ^[12]	..	..	..	45 ^[4]	92 ^[6]	170 ^[4]
Kingdom of England	4.7 ^[13]	25^[4]	20^[4]	30 ^[4]	. .	70 ^[4]	87 ^[4]
Dutch Republic	1.5 ^[14]	..	..	20^[4]	70 ^[15]	30 ^[15]	120 ^[15]
Kingdom of France	18 ^[16]	40^[4]	50^[4]	45 ^[4]	80 ^[15]	100 ^[15]	340-380 ^[15]
Habsburg Monarchy	8 ^[17]	..	..	..	100 ^[18]	20-24 ^[17]	110-130 ^[17]
Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon	7 ^[16]	20^[4]	155^[4]	200 ^[4]	300 ^[4]	100 ^[4]	50 ^[4]
Ottoman Empire	18 ^[19]	..	..	..	40** ^[20]	50** ^[20]	50** ^[20]
* All Polish forces, on both sides in the Great Northern War.			** Janissaries only.

Ottoman Army

Ottoman Army Strength, 1299–1826
Year	Yaya & Musellem	Azab	Akıncı	Timarli Sipahi	(Total) Timarli Sipahi & Cebelu	Janissary	Kapikulu Sipahi	Other Kapikulu	(Total) Kapikulu	Fortress guards, Martalos and Navy	Sekban	Nizam-ı Cedid	Total Strength of Ottoman Army
1350	1,000 est.	1,000 est.	3,500 est.	200 est.	500 est.	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6,000 est.
1389	4,000 est.	8,000 est.	10,000 est.	5,000 est.	10,000 est.	500 est.	250 est.	250 est.	1,000 est.	4,000 est.	-	-	37,000 est.
1402	8,000 est.	15,000 est.	10,000 est.	20,000 est.	40,000 est.	1,000 est.	500 est.	500 est.	2,000 est.	6,000 est.	-	-	81,000 est.
1453	8,000 est.	15,000 est.	10,000 est.	20,000 est.	40,000 est.	6,000^[21]	2,000 est.	4,000 est.	12,000 est.	9,000 est.	-	-	94,000 est.
1528	8,180^[22]	20,000 est.	12,000^[22]	37,741^[22]	80,000 est.	12,000 est.	5,000 est.	7,000 est.	24,146^[22]	23,017^[22]	-	-	105,084 – 167,343 est.
1574	8,000 est.	20,000 est.	15,000 est.	40,000 est.	90,000 est.	13,599^[23]	5,957^[23]	9,619^[23]	29,175^[23]	30,000 est.	-	-	192,175 est.
1607/ 1609	[1]	[2]	[3]	44,404 (1607)^[24] 50,000 est. (1609)	105,339 (1607)^[24] 137,000 (1609)^[25]	37,627 (1609)^[26]	20,869 (1609)^[23]	17,372 (1609)^[23]	75,868 (1609)^[23]	25,000 est.	10,000 est.	-	196,207–247,868 est.
1670	[1]	[2]	[3]	22,000 est.	50,000 est.	39,470^[23]	14,070^[23]	16,756^[23]	70,296^[23]	25,000 est.	10,000 est.	-	70,296- 155,296 est.
1807	[1]	[2]	[3]	400 est.	1,000 est.	15,000 est.	500 est.	500 est.	16,000 est.	15,000 est.	10.000 est.	25,000^[27]	25,000–67,000 est.
1826	[1]	[2]	[3]	400 est.	1,000 est.	15,000 est.	500 est.	500 est.	16,000 est.	15,000 est.	15,000 est.	-	47,000 est.

Notes: [1]^[a] |[2]|^[b]|[3]^[c]

Notes

^ (Yaya & Musellem) Yaya, light infantry, Musellem, light cavalry, over time they lost their original martial qualities and were employed only at such tasks as transportation or founding cannonballs. The organisation was totally abolished in 1582.^[28]
^ (Azab) light infantry, during the last quarter of the 16th century, the Azabs disappeared from the Ottoman documentary record.^[29]
^ (Akıncı) light cavalry, the Akıncıs continued to serve until 1595 when after a major rout in Wallachia they were dissolved by Grand Vezir Koca Sinan Paşa.^[30]

References

^ ^a ^b Ladewig-Petersen, E. (1999). "Nyt om trediveårskrigen." Historisk Tidsskrift., p. 101.
^ ^a ^b Petersen, Nikolaj Pilgård (2002). Hærstørrelse og fortifikationsudvikling i Danmark-Norge 1500-1720. Aarhus universitet: Universitetsspeciale i historie, pp. 11, 43-44.
^ "Militærets udvikling." danmarkshistorien. Retrieved 2016-12-28
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Parker, Geoffrey (1976). "The ’Military Revolution’, 1560-1660 – a myth?". Journal of modern history, vol. 48, p. 206.
^ "Population of Germany." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
^ ^a ^b Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650. London: Greenwood Press, vol. 2, p. 620, 852.
^ Kotulla, Michael (2008). Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Berlin: Springer, p. 267.
^ Craig, Gordon A. (1964). The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640–1945. London: Oxford University Press, p. 7.
^ "Population of Central Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
^ Augustyniak, Urszula (2004). W służbie hetmana i Rzeczypospolitej. Klientela wojskowa Krzysztofa Radziwiłła. Warsaw: Semper.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nolan, Cathal J. (2008), Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715. London: Greenwood Press, pp. 368-369.
^ "Population of Eastern Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
^ "Population of the British Isles." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
^ "The Netherlands." Population statistics. Retrieved 2016-12-28
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Glete, Jan (2002). War and the State in Early Modern Europe. London : Routledge, p. 156.
^ ^a ^b "Population of Western Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
^ ^a ^b ^c Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797. London: Routledge, p. 26, 102.
^ Creveld, Martin van (2004 ). Supplying War. Cambridge University Press, p. 5.
^ "Population of Eastern Balkans." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
^ ^a ^b ^c Ágoston, Gabor (2010), "Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry and military transformation." In: Tallet, Frank & Trim, D.B.J. (eds.). European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, p. 128.
^ Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm, Benjamin Lee Wren, page 146
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik, page 89
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rhoads Murphey, page 45
^ ^a ^b History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 127
^ Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rhoads Murphey, page 42
^ Guild dynamics in seventeenth-century Istanbul: fluidity and leverage, Eunjeong Yi, page 134
^ The state at war in South Asia, Pradeep Barua, page 57
^ An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik , page 92, 1997
^ Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 62.
^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 129

[29] (Yaya & Musellem) Yaya, light infantry, Musellem, light cavalry, over time they lost their original martial qualities and were employed only at such tasks as transportation or founding cannonballs. The organisation was totally abolished in 1582.^[28]

[31] (Azab) light infantry, during the last quarter of the 16th century, the Azabs disappeared from the Ottoman documentary record.^[29]

[33] (Akıncı) light cavalry, the Akıncıs continued to serve until 1595 when after a major rout in Wallachia they were dissolved by Grand Vezir Koca Sinan Paşa.^[30]

[Ladewig-1] Ladewig-Petersen, E. (1999). "Nyt om trediveårskrigen." Historisk Tidsskrift., p. 101.

[Petersen-2] Petersen, Nikolaj Pilgård (2002). Hærstørrelse og fortifikationsudvikling i Danmark-Norge 1500-1720. Aarhus universitet: Universitetsspeciale i historie, pp. 11, 43-44.

[3] "Militærets udvikling." danmarkshistorien. Retrieved 2016-12-28

[Parker-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Parker, Geoffrey (1976). "The ’Military Revolution’, 1560-1660 – a myth?". Journal of modern history, vol. 48, p. 206.

[5] "Population of Germany." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28

[Nolan2-6] Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650. London: Greenwood Press, vol. 2, p. 620, 852.

[7] Kotulla, Michael (2008). Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Berlin: Springer, p. 267.

[8] Craig, Gordon A. (1964). The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640–1945. London: Oxford University Press, p. 7.

[9] "Population of Central Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28

[10] Augustyniak, Urszula (2004). W służbie hetmana i Rzeczypospolitej. Klientela wojskowa Krzysztofa Radziwiłła. Warsaw: Semper.

[Nolan-11] Nolan, Cathal J. (2008), Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715. London: Greenwood Press, pp. 368-369.

[12] "Population of Eastern Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28

[13] "Population of the British Isles." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28

[14] "The Netherlands." Population statistics. Retrieved 2016-12-28

[Glete-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Glete, Jan (2002). War and the State in Early Modern Europe. London : Routledge, p. 156.

[TacitusW-16] "Population of Western Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28

[Hochedlinger-17] Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797. London: Routledge, p. 26, 102.

[18] Creveld, Martin van (2004 ). Supplying War. Cambridge University Press, p. 5.

[19] "Population of Eastern Balkans." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28

[Agoston-20] Ágoston, Gabor (2010), "Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry and military transformation." In: Tallet, Frank & Trim, D.B.J. (eds.). European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, p. 128.

[21] Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm, Benjamin Lee Wren, page 146

[Ottoman_Empire_page_89-22] An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik, page 89

[Rhoads_Murphey_page_45-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rhoads Murphey, page 45

[Turkey,_Stanford_J_page_127-24] History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 127

[25] Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rhoads Murphey, page 42

[26] Guild dynamics in seventeenth-century Istanbul: fluidity and leverage, Eunjeong Yi, page 134

[27] The state at war in South Asia, Pradeep Barua, page 57

[28] An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik , page 92, 1997

[Ottomans62-30] Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 62.

[32] History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 129

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