Smith's earth snake (Uropeltis grandis), also known commonly as the violet shieldtail, is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Uropeltidae. The species is endemic to India.
| Smith's earth snake | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Uropeltidae |
| Genus: | Uropeltis |
| Species: | U. grandis
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| Binomial name | |
| Uropeltis grandis (Beddome, 1867)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Geographic range
editU. grandis is found in the Anaimalai Hills of Kerala, southern India.[2]
Taxonomy
editU. grandis had been classified in the past as Rhinophis grandis Beddome, Silybura grandis (Beddome), and Uropeltis grandis (Beddome).[3] In 1966 Carl Gans renamed this species Uropeltis smithi in honor of American herpetologist Hobart M. Smith.[4]
Description
editSmith's earth snake, like all shieldtail snakes, has a characteristic pointed head and flattened tail.[5]
The dorsum is dark violet. The venter is dark violet with alternating large yellow spots or crossbands.
Adults may attain 48 cm (18+7⁄8 in) in total length (including tail).
The smooth dorsal scales are arranged in 19 rows at midbody (in 21 rows behind the head). The ventrals number 198-218; and the subcaudals number 6-12.
The snout is pointed. The rostral is ⅓ or ¼ the length of the shielded part of the head. The portion of the rostral visible from above is longer than its distance from the frontal. The nasals are either in contact with each other behind the rostral, or separated from each other by the rostral. The frontal is longer than broad. The eye is very small, its diameter less than ½ the length of the ocular shield. The diameter of the body goes 30 to 40 times into the total length. The ventrals are about two times as large as the contiguous scales, and are pluricarinate posteriorly in males. The tail is round or slightly laterally compressed, and the dorsal scales of the tail are strongly pluricarinate. The terminal scute has two small spines.[6]
Habitat
editThe preferred natural habitat of U. grandis is moist forest, at altitudes of 1,200–1,400 m (3,900–4,600 ft).[1][2]
Reproduction
editU. grandis is viviparous.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b Srinivasulu C, Srinivasulu B, Ganesan SR, Vijayakumar SP (2018). "Uropeltis grandis (amended version of 2013 assessment)". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T178411A127982170.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T178411A127982170.en. Downloaded on 11 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d Species Uropeltis grandis at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ "Uropeltis smithi BEDDOME 1867". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Uropeltis smithi, p. 247).
- ^ "Shieldtail Snakes (Uropeltidae)". Answers. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
- ^ Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Uropeltidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (Silybura grandis, p. 148).
Further reading
edit- Beddome RH (1867). "Descriptions and figures of Five New Snakes from the Madras Presidency". Madras Quart. J. Med. Sci. 11: 14-16. (Rhinophis grandis, new species). [Reprint: (1940). J. Soc. Bibliogr. Nat. Sci., London 1 (10): 315- 317.]
- Beddome RH (1886). "An Account of the Earth-Snakes of the Peninsula of India and Ceylon". Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Fifth Series 17: 3-33. (Silybura grandis, new combination, p. 11).
- Gans, Carl (1966). "Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Uropeltidae ". Das Tierreich 84: 1-29. (Uropeltis smithi, new name). (in German).
- Smith MA (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (Uropeltis grandis, new combination, pp. 85–86, Figures 25A, 25B, 25C).