United States of America Gymnastics (USA Gymnastics or USAG) is the national governing body for gymnastics in the United States. It sets the domestic rules and policies that govern the sport, promotes and develops gymnastics on the grassroots and national levels, and serves as a resource center for members, clubs, fans and gymnasts. It selects and trains the U.S. national teams for the Olympic Games and World Championships.
 | |
| Abbreviation | USAG |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1963 (as U.S. Gymnastics Federation) |
| Type | 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization |
| Purpose | Sport governing body |
| Headquarters | Indianapolis, Indiana |
Region served | United States |
| Membership | more than 174,000 (more than 148,000 competing athletes)[1] |
CEO | Li Li Leung[2] |
Main organ | Board of Directors |
Parent organization | United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) |
| Affiliations | International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) |
| Budget | www |
| Staff | more than 60[1] |
Established in 1963 as the U.S. Gymnastics Federation (USGF),[1] it received its current name in 1993. The programs governed by USAG are:
- Women's artistic gymnastics (WAG), comprising the events vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise
- Men's artistic gymnastics (MAG), comprising the events floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and horizontal bar
- Rhythmic gymnastics
- Trampoline & tumbling (T&T)
- Acrobatic gymnastics
- Aerobic gymnastics (designated as discipline of gymnastics by the international body, the FIG)
- Group gymnastics / Gymnastics for All
The Women's Artistic program holds multiple annual nationally televised competitions.
USAG was at the center of the largest sexual abuse scandal in sports history. Beginning in 2016, reports, testimony, investigations, and prosecutions revealed two decades of widespread sexual abuse of hundreds of young athletes by coaches, gyms, and other elements overseen by USAG.[3]
History
editOrigins
editThe organization was established in 1963 as the U.S. Gymnastics Federation.[1]
The need for a governing body had begun to appear at the 1959 Pan American Games, when friction developed between the Games' organizers, the Amateur Athletic Union, and the Olympic Gymnastics Committee. The NCAA was dissatisfied as well, and asked the National Association of Gymnastics Coaches to begin planning for a new national governing body. The U.S. Gymnastics Federation was established in 1963. However, resistance by the AAU, which was hesitant to relinquish control over gymnastics, and other factors meant that the new federation was not internationally recognized as the governing body of U.S. gymnastics until 1970.[4]
The organization was renamed USA Gymnastics in 1993.[5]
Sex abuse scandal
editIn 2016, reports by journalists and testimony by athletes began to reveal two decades of widespread sexual abuse of hundreds of young athletes by coaches, gyms, and other elements overseen by USAG.[3]
That year, USAG hired a former US federal prosecutor to develop recommendations to reform its policies related to sexual misconduct; her report included 70 recommendations.[6] Among these was removing the "athlete representative" from the Olympic selection committee, so athletes would be less afraid to report abuses.[7]
USA Gymnastics cut ties with the Karolyi Ranch in the wake of the scandal after several gymnasts said they had been abused by Nassar on the premises. The ranch, operated by Béla Károlyi and his wife, former national team coordinator Márta Károlyi, had been the official US Women's National Team Training Center since 2001.[7] On January 25, 2018, the Ranch announced the permanent closure of the facility on its website.
In 2018, Larry Nassar, who was the national team doctor through four Olympic cycles,[7] pleaded guilty to sexually abusing over 300 female athletes,[8] including Olympic gold medalists Aly Raisman and Jordyn Wieber. Following his sentencing, the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) threatened to decertify USA Gymnastics unless the entire board resigned. USA Gymnastics complied and all 21 board members resigned on January 26.[9] Olympic medalist McKayla Maroney has filed a lawsuit alleging that USA Gymnastics paid her to keep silent about Nassar's abuse.[7] Gymnasts have called for those who protected Nassar, including in the USOPC and USA Gymnastics, to be held accountable for their actions.[10]
In 2016, Valeri Liukin, a Soviet Olympic medalist and owner of World Olympic Gymnastics Academy, replaced Marta Karolyi as the women's national team coordinator.[11] Liukin resigned from the position in 2018 due to his involvement in the sex abuse scandal.[12]
On November 5, 2018, the USOPC announced that it was starting the process to decertify USAG as the national governing body for gymnastics in the United States.[13] One month later, USA Gymnastics filed for bankruptcy.[14][15][16]
In 2018, USA Gymnastics revised its mission statement, declaring that it aims to create "a culture that empowers and supports its athletes and focuses on its highest priority, the safety and well-being of the athletes."[1]
On October 31, 2020, then-US President, Donald Trump, signed the Empowering Olympic, Paralympic and Amateur Athletes Act into law.[17] First introduced in the United States Senate on July 30, 2019 by Kansas Republican Senator, Jerry Moran, and co-sponsored by Connecticut Democratic Senator, Richard Blumenthal, the bill received bipartisan support and unanimously passed in the United States House of Representatives on October 29, 2020.[18][8] Under the new bill, athletes gained greater protection from abuse, including sexual abuse, by coaches and employees in Olympic and Paralympic sports in addition to greater representation in decision-making roles.[18] In the wake of the Larry Nassar revelations, the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee increased funding for the United States Center for SafeSport from $4.5 million to $7.5 million in 2019 and began working on reform to fill at least half of seats on USOPC boards and committees with current and former athletes, including National Governing Bodies (NGBs) for individual sports, such as USA Gymnastics and USA Swimming, create better oversight of affiliated sports organizations, make it easier for athletes to report concerns, and provide greater budget transparency.[8] The Empowering Olympic, Paralympic and Amateur Athletes Act increased federation funding for the U.S. Center for SafeSport to $20 million, gave the USOPC exclusive authority to respond to sexual abuse and sexual allegations of misconduct within the USOPC and NGBs, established a bipartisan committee to do a complete review of the USOPC, and empowered the United States Congress to dissolve the USOPC and decertify NGBs if they fail to follow through on reforms.[8][17] Upon signature, Senator Moran and Senator Blumenthal issued a joint statement, crediting survivors, colleagues, and athlete advocates that traveled to Washington to share their stories and demand change, for making it possible.[17]
On February 25, 2021, the State of Michigan charged former USA Gymnastics coach John Geddert with 24 felonies including human trafficking and forced labor, first-degree sexual assault, second-degree sexual assault, racketeering, and lying to police. Geddert was the US national team coach at the 2012 London Olympics and was closely affiliated with Larry Nassar. Geddert died by suicide the same day.[19]
On May 14, 2021, the United States Center for SafeSport suspended French coach Jean-Luc Cairon from all contact with athletes and USA Gymnastics member clubs & members while it conducts an investigation of allegations against him, and he was entered into the SafeSport Centralized Disciplinary Database for allegations of misconduct.[20][21] Cairon was then arrested, released on bail, showed intent to flee the court's jurisdiction by leaving the United States, and was sentenced to 25 years in prison upon a guilty plea.[22] Cairon died in prison while serving out his sentence, on February 26, 2022, at the age of 60.[23]
New leadership
editSince 2019, USA Gymnastics has been led by president and CEO Li Li Leung, a former vice president of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Leung competed at club and NCAA levels, then served as a volunteer assistant gymnastics coach while studying for her master's degree. In a USAG statement on February 19, 2019, Leung said she was "upset and angry to learn about the abuse and the institutions that let the athletes down," would "make it a priority to see that their claims are resolved", and looks forward "to collaborating with the entire gymnastics community to create further change..."[24]
Women's Artistic programs
editElite Program
editThe Elite Program consists of regional and national training programs and competitions designed for athletes aspiring to represent the United States in international competition. Athletes participate at Developmental, Open, Pre-Elite, and National Team training camps. Only athletes at the National Team level are called "elite gymnasts".[25] There are two Elite groups: Junior Elite (ages 11–15) and Senior Elite (ages 16+).
Annual elite-level competitions include the American Cup, U.S. Classic, and U.S. Championships, as well as multiple National Qualifying Meets throughout the year.[26] Junior and Senior National Teams are selected based on performance at the U.S. Championships. These athletes then compete at the World Championships. In Olympic years, elite gymnasts compete at the Summer Olympics.
To get to the elite level, a gymnast must pass both the elite compulsory and optional qualifiers. In elite compulsory qualifiers, gymnasts compete a basic routine designed by organizers to demonstrate that the gymnast has all the basic skills, including twists, handsprings, jumps, leaps, kips to cast handstand, giants, turns, and more. In elite optionals, the gymnast is evaluated for advanced skills and moves, such as pak saltos, releases, complex dismounts, multiple tucks/twists, double layouts, twisting vaults, and more. In optionals, gymnasts create their own routines.
Talent Opportunity Program
editThe Talent Opportunity Program (TOPs) seeks to identify talented female gymnasts aged 7–10 for further training up to the elite level. State and regional evaluations are followed by a national test of physical abilities and basic gymnastics skills in October of each year. This is followed by a national training camp in December for those who qualify.[27]
Olympics Hopefuls program
editThe Olympics Hopefuls program (HOPEs) is a program to identify talented gymnasts, generally aged 11-14, and train them to an advanced level. In order to qualify for HOPEs, a gymnast must pass both the elite compulsory and optional qualifiers, and get a certain minimum score. HOPEs Elite gymnasts compete at elite meets, but not as a Junior Elite.
Women's Development Program
editThe Women's Development Program (previously the Junior Olympic program) provides training, evaluation, and competition opportunities to allow developing gymnasts to safely advance at their own pace through specific skill levels. Most competitive gymnasts advance through this system.
As of August 1, 2013, the levels are as follows.[28]
- Developmental levels 1–2: the most fundamental skills performed in a non-competitive, achievement-oriented environment
- Compulsory levels 3–5: progressively difficult skills performed competitively as standardized routines (all gymnasts at a given level perform the same routines)
- Optional levels 6–10: progressively difficult skills performed competitively in original routines
Skills are grouped by degree of difficulty and given the letter ratings A–E, with A denoting the easiest skills. Levels 6–8 have difficulty restrictions, in that a gymnast competing at one of these levels may not attempt skills above a certain level of difficulty (for example, level 6 and 7 gymnasts may only include A and B skills in their routines). Levels 9 and 10 have no such difficulty restrictions, although level 9 gymnasts may include only one D or E skill in any single routine.[29]
In addition to demonstrating the necessary skills, gymnasts must reach a minimum age to advance to the next level. For example, level 8 and 9 gymnasts must be at least 8 years old; level 10 gymnasts must be at least 9 years old. Regardless of age, all beginning gymnasts enter the program at level 1 and may advance through more than one level per year. Competitions for gymnasts at level 7 culminate in State Championships, level 8 at Regional Championships, level 9 at Eastern or Western Championships, and level 10 at Junior Olympic National Championships.[30]
Before August 1, 2013, the developmental levels were numbered 1–4, the compulsory levels 5–6, and the optional levels 7–10. The old levels 1 and 2 have been combined into the new level 1; level 7 has been split into the new levels 6 and 7; and the numbering of levels 3–6 have each been shifted down one level for the new system.[29]
Xcel Program
editThe Xcel Program provides training and competition experience for gymnasts outside of the traditional Junior Olympic program. Its stated purpose is "to provide gymnasts of varying abilities and commitment levels, the opportunity for a rewarding gymnastics experience." Participants compete in individual and team competitions in Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, and Diamond divisions, based on age and ability level.[31]
National teams
edit- United States women's national gymnastics team – Founded in 1982
- United States men's national gymnastics team – Founded in 1998
See also
edit- Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique – International governing body
- Artistic gymnastics in the United States
- List of gymnastics academies in the United States
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f "About USA Gymnastics". USA Gymnastics. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ "Li Li Leung Is Appointed President and CEO of USA Gymnastics". USA Gymnastics. February 19, 2019.
- ^ a b "US Olympic Committee moves to revoke USA Gymnastics' status". CNN. November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
- ^ "First 50 Years Timeline • USA Gymnastics". USA Gymnastics. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
- ^ "1962: The Formation of the United States Gymnastics Federation – Gymnastics History". www.gymnastics-history.com. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
- ^ Report to USA Gymnastics on Proposed Policy and Procedural Changes
- ^ a b c d Hanna, Jason (January 26, 2018). "The fallout from Larry Nassar's sexual abuse is just beginning". CNN. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ^ a b c d D'Addona, Dan (October 1, 2020). "Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, Amateur Athletes Act, Watches USOPC". Swimming World News. Swimming World Magazine. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- ^ "Entire US gymnastics board to quit over Larry Nassar sexual abuse scandal". The Independent. January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ^ "USA Gymnastics board resigning amid sexual abuse scandal". Reuters. January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ^ Zaccardi, Nick (September 16, 2016). "Valeri Liukin named USA Gymnastics women's national team coordinator". OlympicTalk. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ^ "Valeri Liukin resigning from role with U.S. women's gymnastics team". USA TODAY. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "US Olympic Committee moves to revoke USA Gymnastics' status". CNN. November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
- ^ "USA Gymnastics files for reorganization under Chapter 11 of Bankruptcy Code". USA Gymnastics. December 5, 2018.
- ^ "USA Gymnastics announces petition filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy". Fox News. December 5, 2018.
- ^ "USA Gymnastics files for bankruptcy as part of 'reorganization'". ESPN. December 5, 2018.
- ^ a b c Carroll, Rory (November 1, 2020). "Trump signs U.S. reform bill into law after Nassar abuse scandal". Reuters. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- ^ a b Moran, Jerry (October 20, 2020). "S.2330 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020". www.congress.gov. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- ^ Murphy, Dan; Barr, John (February 25, 2021). "Ex-USA Gymnastics coach John Geddert kills himself after felony charges, including human trafficking, sexual assault". ESPN.
- ^ Kelsy Schlotthauer (May 12, 2021). "Tulsa area gymnastics coach arrested on lewd molestation charges". Tulsa World.
- ^ Griffin, David. "Former Gymnastics Coach In Jenks Accused Of Molesting Underage Athletes". newson6.com.
- ^ Vicent, Samantha (September 1, 2021). "Former gymnastics coach pleads guilty in Tulsa County child sexual abuse case". Tulsa World. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
- ^ "L'ancien gymnaste Jean-Luc Cairon est mort en prison". Lequipe.fr. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- ^ "Li Li Leung Is Appointed President and CEO of USA Gymnastics". USA Gymnastics. February 19, 2019. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.
- ^ "Women's Program Overview". USA Gymnastics. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ "USA Gymnastics Women's Elite Calendar" (PDF). USA Gymnastics. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ "TOPs Program Overview". USA Gymnastics. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ "2013-2021 Junior Olympic Compulsory Program". USA Gymnastics. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ a b "Structure and Mobility chart for the Women's Junior Olympic Program for entering the 2013-2014 season" (PDF). USA Gymnastics. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ "Junior Olympic Program Overview". USA Gymnastics. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ "Xcel Program" (PDF). USA Gymnastics. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
Further reading
edit- "1962: The Formation of the United States Gymnastics Federation" (gymnastics-history.com)
- "First 50 Years Timeline" (USA Gymnastics)
