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Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

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Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol[4][5][6][7] (Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige [trenˈtiːno ˈalto ˈaːdidʒe])[8][9] is an autonomous region of Italy, located in the northern part of the country. The region has a population of 1.1 million, of whom 62% speak Italian as their mother tongue, 30% speak South Tyrolean German and several foreign languages are spoken by immigrant communities.[10] Since the 1970s, most legislative and administrative powers have been transferred to the two self-governing provinces that make up the region: the province of Trento, commonly known as Trentino, and the province of Bolzano, commonly known as South Tyrol (Alto Adige in Italian). In South Tyrol, German remains the sizeable majority language.

Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Trentino-Alto Adige (Italian)
Trentino-Südtirol (Austrian German)
Trentin-Südtirol (Ladin)
Autonomous region
Flag of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Flag
Coat of arms of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Coat of arms
CountryItaly
CapitalTrento
Government
 • PresidentArno Kompatscher (South Tyrolean People's Party)
Area
 • Total
13,606 km2 (5,253 sq mi)
Population
 (2019-01-01)
 • Total
1,072,276
 • Density79/km2 (200/sq mi)
 • Official languages[1]
Italian
German (South Tyrolean dialect)
 • Other languages
in some municipalities:
Ladin
Mocheno
Cimbrian
Demonym(s)English: Trentino-Alto Adigan or Trentino-South Tyrolean
Italian: Trentino (man)
Italian: Trentina (woman) or
Italian: Altoatesino (man)
Italian: Altoatesina (woman) or
Italian: Sudtirolese
Austrian German: Südtiroler (man)
Austrian German: Südtirolerin (woman)
Citizenship
[2]
 • Italian93%
GDP
[3]
 • Total€47.180 billion (2021)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeIT-32
NUTS RegionITH
WebsiteRegione.taa.it

From the 9th century until 1801, the region was part of the Holy Roman Empire. After being part of the short-lived Napoleonic Republic of Italy and Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the region was part of the Austrian Empire and its successor Austria-Hungary from 1815 until its 1919 transfer to Italy in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye at the end of World War I. Together with the Austrian state of Tyrol, it is part of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino. In English language, the region is known as Trentino-South Tyrol,[11] or by its Italian name Trentino-Alto Adige.[12]

History

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Main articles: History of Trentino and History of South Tyrol
 
Castello del Buonconsiglio (Buonconsiglio Castle) in Trento was the seat of the prince-bishops from the 13th century to 1803.
 
The Marmolada, in the northeast, is the highest mountain in the Dolomites.
 
2008 Maratona dles Dolomites ascent to Campolongo Pass, with Corvara in the background

The Romans conquered the region in 15 BC. After the end of the Western Roman Empire, it was divided between the invading Germanic tribes in the Lombard Duchy of Tridentum (today's Trentino), the Alamannic Vinschgau, and the Bavarians (who took the remaining part). After the creation of the Kingdom of Italy under Charlemagne, the Marquisate of Verona included the areas south of Bolzano, while the Duchy of Bavaria received the remaining part.[13]

From the 11th century onwards, part of the region was governed by the prince-bishops of Trent and Brixen, to whom the Holy Roman Emperors had given extensive temporal powers over their bishoprics. Soon, they were overruled by the Counts of Tyrol and Counts of Görz, who also controlled the Puster Valley: in 1363 its last titular, Margarete, Countess of Tyrol ceded the region to the House of Habsburg. The regions north of Salorno were largely Germanized in the early Middle Ages, and important German poets like Arbeo of Freising and Oswald von Wolkenstein were born and lived in the southern part of Tyrol.[14]

The two bishoprics were secularized by the Treaty of Lunéville of 1803 and given to the Habsburgs. Two years later, following the Austrian defeat at Austerlitz, the region was given to Napoleon's ally Bavaria (Treaty of Pressburg, 1805). The new rulers provoked a popular rebellion in 1809, led by Andreas Hofer, a landlord from St. Leonhard in Passeier; this rebellion was crushed the same year. At the resulting Treaty of Paris (28 February 1810), Bavaria ceded the southern part of Tyrol (Trentino and the city of Bolzano) to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.[15][16] During French control of the region, it was called officially Haut Adige (Italian: "Alto Adige"; German: "Hochetsch"), literally "High Adige", in order to avoid any reference to the historical County of Tyrol.[17] After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the region returned to Austria.

 
Ulten Valley

Under Austrian rule the territory of today's province of South Tyrol was called südliches Tirol or Deutschsüdtirol,[18] but was occasionally also referred to as Mitteltirol, i.e. Middle Tyrol, due to its geographic position,[19] while Südtirol (Italian: Tirolo meridionale), i.e. South Tyrol, indicated mostly today's province of Trentino.[20] Trentino was also called Welschtirol ("Romance Tyrol", Italian: Tirolo italiano) or Welschsüdtirol ("Romance South Tyrol", Italian: Tirolo meridionale italiano). Sometimes Südtirol also indicated the whole of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region.

During the First World War, major battles were fought high in the Alps and Dolomites between Austro-Hungarian Kaiserjäger and Italian Alpini, for whom control of the region was a key strategic objective. The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian war effort enabled Italian troops to occupy the region in 1918 and its annexation was confirmed in the post-war treaties, which awarded the region to Italy under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain.

 
Cathedral Maria Himmelfahrt in Bolzano, capital of South Tyrol
 
View of the Rosengarten group in South Tyrol

Under the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini, the Fascist dictator of Italy (ruled 1922–1943), the German population was subjected to an increased forced programme of Italianization: all references to old Tyrol were banned and the region was referred to as Venezia Tridentina between 1919 and 1947, in an attempt to justify the Italian claims to the area by historically linking the region to one of the Roman Regions of Italy (Regio X Venetia et Histria).[21] Hitler and Mussolini agreed in 1938 that the German-speaking population would be transferred to German-ruled territory or dispersed around Italy, but the outbreak of the Second World War prevented them from fully carrying out the relocation. Nevertheless, thousands of people were relocated to Nazi Germany and only with great difficulties managed to return to their ancestral land after the end of the war.[22]

In 1943, when the Italian government signed an armistice with the Allies, the region was occupied by Germany, which reorganised it as the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills and put it under the administration of Gauleiter Franz Hofer. The region was de facto annexed to the German Reich (with the addition of the province of Belluno) until the end of the war. This status ended along with the Nazi regime and Italian rule was restored in 1945.

Italy and Austria negotiated the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement in 1946, put into effect in 1947 when the new republican Italian constitution was promulgated, that the region would be granted considerable autonomy. German and Italian were both made official languages, and German-language education was permitted once more. The region was called Trentino-Alto Adige/Tiroler Etschland between 1947 and 1972.

However, the implementation of the agreement was not seen as satisfactory by either the German-speaking population nor the Austrian government. The issue became the cause of significant friction between the two countries and was taken up by the United Nations in 1960. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, partly because of popular discontent and a campaign of terrorism and bombings by German-speaking autonomists and separatists led by the South Tyrolean Liberation Committee.[23][24][25]

The issue was resolved in 1971, when a new Austro-Italian treaty was signed and ratified. It stipulated that disputes in South Tyrol would be submitted for settlement to the International Court of Justice in The Hague, that the province would receive greater autonomy within Italy, and that Austria would not interfere in South Tyrol's internal affairs. The new agreement proved broadly satisfactory to the parties involved and the separatist tensions soon eased. Matters were helped further by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995, which has helped to improve cross-border cooperation.[17]

In May 2006, senator-for-life Francesco Cossiga introduced a bill that would allow the region to hold a referendum, in which the local electorate could decide whether to stay within the Italian Republic, become fully independent or return to Austria. All parties, including the separatists, rejected this measure as potentially causing a revival of ethnic tensions.

Geography

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Alpine landscape near the village of Stelvio, South Tyrol

The region is bordered by East and North Tyrol (Austria) to the north-east and north respectively, by Graubünden (Switzerland) to the north-west, and by the Italian regions of Lombardy to the west and Veneto to the south and southeast. It covers 13,607 km2 (5,254 sq mi). It is extremely mountainous, covering a large part of the Dolomites and the southern Alps.

The region is composed of two provinces, Trentino in the south and South Tyrol in the north.

Trentino has an area of 6,207 km2 (2,397 sq mi), most of it mountainous land (20% is over 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and 70% over 1,000 m) and covered by vast forests (50% of the territory). The climate is various through the province, from an alpine climate to subcontinental one, with warm and variable summers and cold and quite snowy winters. The region has always been a favourite destination for tourists, both in winter for skiing in the high mountains and in summer to visit the wide valleys and many lakes (the largest being Lake Garda).[26]

 
Lake Garda promenade in Riva del Garda, Trentino

South Tyrol has an area of 7,398 square kilometres (2,856 square miles), all of it mountainous land and covered by vast forests. The climate is of the continental type, owing to the influence of the many mountain ranges which stand at well over 3,000 metres (9,800 feet) above sea level and the wide valleys through which flow the main river, the Adige, from north to south and its numerous tributaries. In the city of Bolzano, capital of the province, the average air temperature stands at 12.2 °C (54.0 °F) and the average rainfall at 717.7 mm (28.3 in). The lowest pass across the Alps, the Brenner Pass, is located at the far north of the region on the border with Austria.[27]

Politics

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Main article: Politics of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
 
Map of the two autonomous provinces of the region
 
The provincial assembly building of South Tyrol.

The region is divided into two autonomous provinces: Trentino (Autonomous Province of Trento) and South Tyrol (Autonomous Province of Bolzano). The Italian Republic recognised a certain degree of autonomy for the region and its two constituent provinces, which was the result of the Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement of 1946, as well as of the special status of autonomy approved by constitutional law in 1948. This statute gave the region the right to initiate its own laws on a wide range of subjects and to carry out respective administrative functions.

In 1972, the introduction of the second Statute of Autonomy, which was in the centre of the discussions between the Italian and Austrian governments, meant the transfer of the main competencies from the region to the two provinces. The autonomy recognized by the special statute covers the political, legislative, administrative, and fiscal institutions. The second statute turned the region de facto into a loose commonwealth with devolved powers to the two autonomous provinces, with very limited legislative or executive competencies left.

The capital city is Trento, although the two provincial capitals alternate biennially (the other being Bolzano) as the site of the regional assembly.[27]

Administration

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Province Area (km2) Population Density (inh./km2)
Trento 6,207.12 541,418 86.56
Bolzano 7,398.38 532,318 70.14

Economy

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See also: Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol wine
 
Vineyards at the municipality of Tirolo
 
Skiing in Val Gardena
 
Christmas market in Merano

The region's fertile valleys produce wine, fruit, dairy products, and timber, while its industries include paper, chemical and metal production. The region is a major exporter of hydroelectric power. The most important features of the region's economic structure are the strength of tourism and the special system of co-operation between agriculture and industry. In the last decade, tourism became a very important component of the province's economy. The region, which is a staging-post between the countries of northern Europe and central and southern Italy, has found its true vocation in this leading branch of the services sector with all its spin-offs. The region has a higher concentration of hotels than any other region (6,178 establishments in 2001 with 236,864 hotel beds). The total accommodation capacity of the region counts for 651,426 beds available in hotels and other establishments.[28]

Because of its unique history and location within the southern Alps and Dolomites, in this region grows a wide range of grape varieties that are not usually seen in other parts of Italy. These include Müller-Thurgau, Vernatsch, Lagrein, Sylvaner, Riesling (known in Italian as Riesling Renano), Gewürztraminer (known in Italian as Traminer Aromatico)[29] and Blatterle.[30] Winemaking in Tyrol has a long tradition: the first evidence dates back to the period before the Romans. The South Tyrolean winegrowing area is highly influenced by the Mediterranean climate, which in the Adige Valley (Überetsch-Unterland, Überetsch, Bozen, Terlan, Burggrafenamt) arrives up to Meran. This allows a very versatile winemaking, which includes almost all the red grape varieties and a lot of white grape wines. The Vinschgau and the Eisacktal have a harsher climate and thus they're specialized in white wines. In South Tyrol there are three indigenous varieties: Schiava, Gewürztraminer and Lagrein. A similar winegrowing region is Trentino wine in the south.

Christmas in Italy begins on 8 December with the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, the day on which traditionally Christmas trees are erected, and ends on 6 January of the following year with Epiphany.[31] In Italy, the oldest Christmas market is considered to be that of Bologna, held for the first time in the 18th century and linked to the feast of Saint Lucia.[32] The tradition of the markets has however spread in Italy predominantly especially since the 1990s, with the birth of the first modern markets: among these, the first ever was that of Bolzano, born in 1991, which was followed by others in the area of Alto Adige,[33] in particular in Merano, Bressanone, Vipiteno and Brunico.[34] The Trento Christmas market, established in 1993, is renowned in Trentino.[35]

Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol has many small and picturesque villages, 16 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy),[36] a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,[37] that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.[38] These villages are:[39]

 
Castelrotto
 
Vipiteno

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1921 661,000—    
1931 666,000+0.8%
1936 669,000+0.5%
1951 728,604+8.9%
1961 785,967+7.9%
1971 841,886+7.1%
1981 873,413+3.7%
1991 890,360+1.9%
2001 940,016+5.6%
2011 1,029,475+9.5%
2021 1,073,574+4.3%
Source: ISTAT 2011

The region has a population of about 1,072,276 people (541,098 in Trentino and 531,178 in South Tyrol). The population density in the region is low compared to Italy as a whole. In 2008, it equalled to 77.62 inhabitants per square kilometre (201.0/sq mi), whereas the average figure for Italy was 201.50 per square kilometre (521.9/sq mi). The population density in Trentino was 86.56 inhabitants per square kilometre (224.2/sq mi), slightly higher than the one registered in South Tyrol that was equal to 70.14 per square kilometre (181.7/sq mi). As of 2011, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 90,321 foreigners lived in the region altogether, equal to 8.55% of the total regional population.

Languages

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2011 linguistic census:
  Italian majority
  German majority
  Ladin majority
  Mòcheno majority (Upper German variety)
  Cimbrian majority (Upper German variety)

The main language groups are Italian and German, with small minorities speaking Ladin, Lombard, Mòcheno and Cimbrian.[40] The latter two of which are varieties of the Upper German Bavarian dialect.[41]

In Trentino the majority language is Italian, although there are Cimbrian minorities in the municipality of Luserna and four Mòcheno municipalities in the Mòcheni Valley. There are also Ladin-speaking minorities living in the Fassa Valley and in Non Valley (3.5% of the population). While in Fassa Valley Ladin already enjoys official status, in Non Valley it still does not, despite there being more Ladin speakers in the latter than in the former. Sole Valley also historically belongs to the Ladin area.

In South Tyrol the majority language is German (62% of the population), although in the capital city Bolzano 73% of the population speaks Italian as its maternal language due to internal immigration from other regions of Italy.[42] Italian speakers are also a significant component in other major urban centres of the province, such as in Merano (49% Italian as the mother language) and Brixen (26% mother language).[43] More than 90% of the 120,000 Italian speakers live in Bozen/Bolzano, Merano, Leifers and Brixen, and the greater part of the rest in the small towns south of the capital just north of the border with Trentino or scattered about in very small numbers throughout the rest of the province. The Italian language is a majority in 5 of 116 municipalities. Italian is the first language of 26% of the population (down from 35% in 1960) of the population of 453,000 recorded in the 2011 census, not counting the 51,000 who listed Language as 'Other' who are immigrants. Ladin is the additional official language in some municipalities and a majority in 8. According to the census of 2001, 103 out of 116 communes have a majority of German native speakers, eight of Ladin speakers and five of Italian. Today both German and Italian have the status of co-official languages in South Tyrol.

Transport

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Autostrada A22 from Verona to Bolzano
 
Brenner Railway
 
Strada statale 12 dell'Abetone e del Brennero in Brennero
 
Trento-Mattarello Airport

The infrastructure system of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol is made up of railway, airport, motorway, road and lake lines.

The main railway line consists of the Brenner Railway (German: Brennerbahn; Italian: Ferrovia del Brennero), which runs along the Adige Valley from Trentino to Bolzano, and through the Isarco Valley at the end of the border with Austria (Brenner Pass). The Trento–Venice railway, the Trento–Malè–Mezzana railway, the Puster Valley Railway are minor. The Brenner Railway is a major line connecting the Austrian and Italian railways from Innsbruck to Verona, climbing up the Wipptal (German for "Wipp Valley"), passing over the Brenner Pass, descending down the Eisacktal (German for "Eisack Valley") to Bolzano/Bozen, then further down the Adige Valley to Rovereto/Rofreit, and along the section of the Adige Valley, called in Italian the "Vallagarina", to Verona. This railway line is part of the Line 1 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). It is considered a "fundamental" line by the state railways Ferrovie dello Stato (FS).[44]

The Trentino-Alto Adige airport service is divided into the 3 large airports: Trento-Mattarello Airport, Bolzano Airport and Dobbiaco Airport. Trento-Mattarello Airport (Italian: Aeroporto di Trento-Mattarello,[45] also known as Aeroporto G.Caproni, is an airfield located at Trentino, 3.4 NM (6.3 km; 3.9 mi) south[46] of Trento, Italy. The airport is at an elevation of 610 feet (186 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 1,130 by 30 metres (3,707 ft × 98 ft).[46] Bolzano Airport (Italian: Aeroporto di Bolzano — Dolomiti, German: Flughafen Bozen — Dolomiten) is a regional airport near Bolzano in the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy. The airport was established in October 1926 with a 1,300-metre (4,300 ft) landing runway.[47] The Dobbiaco Airport lies approximately 1 km to the South of the village of Dobbiaco and is Italy's northernmost and highest airport. The military airfield has a 700m long and 50m wide grass runway and is managed by the Italian Air Force's Airport Detachment Toblach. On weekends and holidays from May to October the airport is open for civilian traffic.

The region is crossed by a single motorway, on the Autostrada A22. The Autostrada A22 or Autobrennero or Autostrada del Brennero ("Brenner motorway"; German: Brennerautobahn) is one of the most important autostrada (Italian for "motorway") in Italy, as it connects Po Valley, the city of Modena and the Autostrada A1 to Austria through the Brenner Pass, located in the municipality of Brenner. The Autostrada A22 is 315 kilometres (196 mi) long. It is a part of the E45 European route. The operator of the road is Autostrada del Brennero S.p.A.. The Autostrada A22 is located in the regions of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

Another important artery of the Trentino-Alto Adige road is the Strada statale 12 dell'Abetone e del Brennero, which runs parallel to the Autostrada A22, and the Strada statale 38 dello Stelvio, which link Bolzano to Merano. Strada statale 12 dell'Abetone e del Brennero (SS 12) is an Italian state highway 523.6 kilometres (325.3 mi) long in Italy located in the regions of Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol that connects Pisa to the Austrian border at Brenner Pass. Strada statale 38 dello Stelvio (SS 38, German: Stilfserjochstraße[48][49]) is an Italian state highway 224.29 kilometres (139.37 mi) long in Italy located in the regions of Lombardy and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol that connects Valtellina with the South Tyrolean Vinschgau via the Stelvio Pass (2,758 metres (9,049 ft) meters), to continue in Etschtal until it reaches Bolzano.

Riva del Garda is connected to the other towns on Lake Garda via a regulated bank line.

Symbols

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Coat of arms of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

The coat of arms quarters the arms of Trentino (black eagle) and the arms of South Tyrol (red eagle). The Flag of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol consists of a coat of arms, containing two eagles of San Venceslao (Trentino) and two Tyrolean red eagles (Alto Adige), historical symbols of the two provinces, which stand out against a white and blue background. The shape of the flag is a rectangle with a framed heraldic shield on it. Like other flags, the flag of Trentino-Alto Adige is also inspired, albeit differently, by the French flag introduced with the revolution of 1789. When Napoleon's army crossed Italy, starting from March 1796, flags of tricolour style were adopted both by the various newborn Jacobin republics and by the military units that supported the French army. In the Alpine region, however, sketches of the two-tone known today began to emerge. Trentino-Alto Adige has been a region with a special statute since 1948. The two parts that make it up, the Province of Trento and the Province of Bolzano, in turn, constitute two provinces with particular prerogatives of autonomy defined in 1972. The white-blue flag, in use (limited) since 1995, takes up the characteristics of the banner, including the shield with quartered eagles from the province of Trento (1st and 4th) and that of Bolzano (2nd and 3rd). White and blue are the colours on which the coats of arms of Trento and Bolzano respectively were worn in ancient times. It has never been legally defined, unlike the coat of arms and the banner, approved on 17 September 1982 and approved by presidential decree of 21 March 1983.

 
The flag of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

The flag has no ancient origins, and most likely derives from the French tricolour, with the colours in the flag and in the coat of arms. With the Austrian reoccupation of the area, completed in 1814 by Bellegarde against Beauharnais, and confirmed by the Congress of Vienna, the Trentino-Altoatesino bicolour was completely abandoned, defined as a symbol of the past Napoleonic regime. With regard to Trentino, the first public signal of Austrian intentions to dissolve the army of the Kingdom of Italy, consisted in the prohibition, issued by Bellegarde on 13 June 1814, of wearing tricolour cockades, which evidently were very widespread. Certainly, Francis II and Bellegarde were convinced that no other ties had matured in the meantime. There are various versions of the exact origin of the flag. One claims that the flag was created after World War I, while other says that it was all a coincidence, mainly because it was thought that such different ethnic groups, like the Austrians and the Italians, had never shared a territory. The flag of Trentino-Alto Adige has ancient origins in terms of its coat of arms. The eagle of St. Wenceslas, making up the coat of arms, was granted by John of Luxembourg on 9 August 1339. The rest of the flag consists of two horizontal bands of blue and white, with the coat of arms in the centre. [50][51]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sonderstatut für Trentino-Südtirol, Article 99, Title IX. Region Trentino-Südtirol.
  2. ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  3. ^ "Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region", www.ec.europa.eu
  4. ^ Constitution of Italy, Part II: Organisation of the Republic (Art. 116)
  5. ^ (US: /trɛnˌtiːnoʊ ˌɑːltoʊ ˈɑːdiːdʒeɪ/,"Trentino-Alto Adige". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  6. ^ UK: /-dɪdʒ-, - ˌæltoʊ ˈædɪdʒeɪ/ "Trentino-Alto Adige". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  7. ^ "Trentino-Alto Adige". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link‍]
  8. ^ Austrian German: Trentino-Südtirol "Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region" (PDF). Official website of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region. 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
  9. ^ Ladin: Trentin-Südtirol Vibrations, Zeppelin Group – Good. "L'Istitut per la pension d'enjonta – Pensplan". Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  10. ^ "Popolazione residente al 1° gennaio". Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  11. ^ "Province of Bolzano/Bozen". Official website of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 December 2002. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
  12. ^ "Special Statute of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region" (PDF). Official website of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen. 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
  13. ^ Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas, Gustav Droysen.
  14. ^ Ich Wolkenstein, Dieter Kühn. ISBN 3-458-32197-7, p. 21
  15. ^ Eberhard Weis (1998). "Montgelas und Tirol (1806–1814)" (PDF). Veröffentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseums Ferdinandeum (in German). 78: 225.
  16. ^ "Karte: Bayern 1810" (in German). Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  17. ^ a b Prof. Dr. Rolf Steininger (2011). "Die Südtirolfrage". ZIS Zeitgeschichte Informationssystem. Institute of Contemporary History, University of Innsbruck. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  18. ^ Karl Höffinger (1887). Gries-Bozen in Deutsch-Südtirol, als klimatischer, Terrain-Kurort und Touristenstation – Vademecum für Einheimische, Reisende und Touristen in Gries-Bozen und im Etsch- und Eisack-Gebiete. Innsbruck, Wagner.
  19. ^ e.g. Theodor Trautwein (1868). Wegweiser durch Süd-Baiern, Nord- und Mittel-Tirol und die angrenzenden Theile von Salzburg. Mit den Städten München, Augsburg, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Bozen und Meran. Munich, Lindauer.
  20. ^ Karl Müller (1916). An der Kampffront in Südtirol: Kriegsbriefe eines neutralen Offiziers. Velhagen & Klasing.
  21. ^ On Bolzano's fascist policies cf. Andrea Bonoldi, Hannes Obermair (2006). Tra Roma e Bolzano. Nazione e provincia nel ventennio fascista—Zwischen Rom und Bozen: Staat und Provinz im italienischen Faschismus. Bozen-Bolzano: Città di Bolzano. ISBN 88-901870-9-3
  22. ^ Helmut Alexander, Adolf Leidlmair, Stefan Lechner (1993). Heimatlos: die Umsiedlung der Südtiroler. Vienna: Deuticke. ISBN 3-216-07832-9
  23. ^ "Il movimento terroristico negli anni '60 - DNA Trentino". Dna.trentino.it. 22 June 1967. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  24. ^ fab (27 August 2017). "Vittime del terrorismo in Alto Adige 1965-1967 – Piantiamolamemoria". Piantiamolamemoria.org. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
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46°04′N 11°07′E / 46.067°N 11.117°E / 46.067; 11.117

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