The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa. It is the longest river in South Africa. With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north. It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean. The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities. The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon. Other names include simply the word for river, in Khoekhoegowab orthography written as !Garib, which is rendered in Afrikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click,[4] Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ǂNū "Black".[5] It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu.[6]
| Orange River Kai Garib (Groote Rivier), Gariep, Senqu, Oranje, Igqili( isiZulu and isiiXhosa) | |
|---|---|
 Sunset over the Orange River near Upington in the Northern Cape | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | Lesotho, South Africa, Namibia |
| District | Mokhotlong |
| District | Thaba Tseka |
| District | Qacha's Nek, Mohale's Hoek |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Mont-aux-Sources[1] |
| • location | Maloti Mountains (Drakensberg), Lesotho |
| • coordinates | 28°53′47″S 29°1′4″E / 28.89639°S 29.01778°E |
| • elevation | 3,350 m (10,990 ft) |
| Mouth | Alexander Bay |
• location | Atlantic Ocean |
• coordinates | 28°37′58″S 16°27′08″E / 28.63278°S 16.45222°E |
| Length | 2,432 km (1,511 mi) |
| Basin size | 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 365 m3/s (12,900 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • right | Caledon River, Vaal River, Fish River (Namibia) |
| Official name | Orange River Mouth (Namibia) |
| Designated | 23 August 1995 |
| Reference no. | 744[2] |
| Official name | Orange River Mouth (South Africa) |
| Designated | 28 June 1991 |
| Reference no. | 526[3] |
Course
edit
The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu. Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude. This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production.
The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province. In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam. From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised. Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation.
At the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province. From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude. From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi),[9] forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ǁKaras Region. On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia.
In the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams (such as the Fish River), and several large wadis lead into it. In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible. Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised. The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi).
The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning "Orange mouth") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town. Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches.
The river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi).
Catchment and rainfall
edit
In the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation. At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2.0 in) per year. The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction. In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown coloured torrent. The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long-term threat to engineering projects on the river.[10]
The total catchment of the Orange River (including the Vaal) extends over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i.e. equivalent to about 77% of the land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi)). Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, are situated outside the country in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia.
Tributaries
edit- Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
- Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
- Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)
Dams
editHistory
editEtymology
editSome of the earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river ǂNūǃarib, referring to its black colour, or sometimes just Kai !Arib ("Great River"), from which is derived the Afrikaans version Gariep,[11] and translation "Groote Rivier".[9] The early Dutch name for the river was just that translation, Groote Rivier, meaning "Great River".[12] The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the United East India Company (VOC) garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779.[9] Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange.[9] A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color of its tributary, the Vaal River, which name is derived from the name ǀHaiǃarib "pale river" (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey). Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition.[9] In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River, derived from the original Khoemana name.
The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change from the colonial name, for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu.[13][14] The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation."[14]
The Grootslang
editIn South African folklore, the Orange River is often associated with the Grootslang, a mythical being resembling a giant serpent, which is often connected to the river's alluvial diamonds. The Grootslang is described as living in a gem-filled cave connected to the Orange River by a natural pipe through which the diamonds gradually enter the river.[15] Other sites said to be lairs of the creature include the pool beneath the King George Cataract at Aughrabies Falls, which is also said to be a source of diamonds,[15] and a large rock in the middle of the river itself. In this version of the legend, the Grootslang is also said to prey on cattle from the river's banks.[16]
Economy
edit
As the collection point for the majority of South Africa's water, the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture, industry, and mining. To assist in this, two large water schemes have been created, the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Historically, the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush, with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange. Today, several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth.
Because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer, the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting. Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate. The most popular trips are four-day and six-day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area.
Orange River Project
editThe Orange River Project (ORP) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa. It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd's government at the height of the apartheid era. The ORP was built to exploit the waters of the Orange River—which, without the Vaal River, represents some 14.1% of the total runoff in South Africa—and in the process, to satisfy an increasing demand for water. The main objectives of the project were:
- to stabilise river flow,
- the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power,
- to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin, and
- to give a new lease on life to water-deficient areas in the Eastern Cape, such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys.
The Gariep Dam near Colesberg is the main storage structure within the Orange River. From here, the water is supplied in two directions, westward along the Orange River (via hydroelectric power generators) to the Vanderkloof Dam and southward through the Orange-Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape.
Hydroelectricity
editEskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam. The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground. The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure.
Irrigation
edit
Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam, which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land, was made possible by the construction of the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams. Old established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible. On the Namibian side of the river, Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange.
In recent years, the wine-producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance. Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost, not only from the additional water being made available, but also owing to improvement in water quality. Without this improvement, the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity.
Lesotho Highlands Water Project
editThe Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System. Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River, and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State, and discharges into the Ash River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) further to the north. The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, which used the Sterkfontein Dam, located near Harrismith in the Free State.
Alluvial diamonds
editIn 1867, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, the Eureka Diamond, was found near Hopetown on the Orange River. Two years later, a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area, causing a diamond rush. This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871, although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange. Today, several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river, as well as the beaches around its mouth. Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river.
Rafting and canoeing
editDuring the temperate months of March and April, given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open, a canoeist (or rafter) can easily travel 30 kilometres (19 mi) per day. The lower reaches of the river are most popular, because of the spectacular topography. Commercial tours are available, and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif.
Wildlife
editThe Orange River has no large animals. It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile, and although hippopotami were once abundant, they were hunted to extermination in the 19th century.[17] The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity. Surveys from 1995 to 2001 in the Lower Orange River found 19 different fish species from eight different families. The two non-native species recorded in the surveys were Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis mossambicus, the latter of which had increased rapidly in abundance since the early 1980s.[18] Another exotic species, rainbow trout, is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho.
Seven species are endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system:[19]
- Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
- Maluti redfin or Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
- Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
- River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
- Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
- Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
- Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Key rivers of South Africa Archived 10 July 2012 at archive.today
- ^ "Orange River Mouth - Namibia". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Orange River Mouth - South Africa". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Travel, Wild Africa. "Wild Africa Travel: Orange River". www.wildafricatravel.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
- ^ "Orange River Basin". www.dwa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
- ^ Doke, C.M (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary (in English and Zulu). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-85494-027-8.
- ^ Swanevelder, C.J. (1981). "Utilising South Africa's largest river: The physiographic background to the Orange River scheme". GeoJournal. 2 (S2). doi:10.1007/BF00196322. ISSN 0343-2521. S2CID 153703256.
- ^ Revenga, C.; Murray, S.; Abramovitz, J. and Hammond, A . (1998) Watersheds of the world: Ecological value and vulnerability Archived 17 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, World Resources Institute, ISBN 1-56973-254-X
- ^ a b c d e Earle, Anton et al. (2005), A preliminary basin profile of the Orange/Senqu River (pdf), African Centre for Water Research, retrieved 30 June 2007
- ^ The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin[permanent dead link]
- ^ the surrounding area was once known as "Transgariep" ("the land across the Gariep") but the name has long been obsolete. See Karel Schoeman, Early White Travellers in the Transgariep, 1819-1840, Protea Boekhuis, 2012 (ISBN 9781869190163)
- ^ Tonchi, Victor L.; Lindeke, William A.; Grotpeter, John J. (2012). "Groote Rivier". Historical Dictionary of Namibia (2nd, Illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8108-7990-4.
- ^ "New name looms for NC River". Diamond Fields Advertiser. 13 June 2013. p. 11.
- ^ a b "Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River". Polity. 6 June 2013.
- ^ a b Green, Lawrence G. (1948). Where Men Still Dream. Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town. pp. 125–126.
- ^ Cornell, F. C. (1920). The Glamour of Prospecting. T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London. p. 142.
- ^ Shortridge, Guy Chester (1934). The Mammals of South West Africa: A Biological Account of the Forms Occurring in that Region. W. Heinemann.
- ^ Næsje, T. F.; Hay, C. J.; Nickanor, N.; Koekemoer, J.; Strand, R.; Thorstad, E. B. (2007). Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001. Trondheim: NINR. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-82-426-1791-0.
- ^ Beekman, Hans E. (30 May 2006). Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change. UNEP/Earthprint. ISBN 978-92-807-2574-2.
Further reading
edit- Kruchem, Thomas (2012). Orange-Senqu Artery of Life: Water and Peace in Southern Africa. Eschborn: Brandes & Apsel. ISBN 978-3-86099-884-7 – via Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
External links
edit
- Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM) Archived 27 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- Orange-Senqu River Awareness Kit - knowledge hub for the Orange-Senqu River basin
- Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlas at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 August 2012)
- Map of portion of Orange River basin forming part of South Africa
- "Seeing Orange in the Kalahari", article and astronaut photo at NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021
- Information on the Orange River from the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry